Design and Operating Guide for Aquaculture Seawater Systems

337 Pages·2002·15.71 MB·English

by  John E. Huguenin and John Colt (Eds.)

Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science - 33
DESIGN AND OPERATING GUIDE FOR
AQUACULTURE SEAWATER SYSTEMS-
SECOND EDITION
DEVELOPMENTS IN AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES SCIENCE
The following volumes are still available:
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19. CLAM MARICULTURE IN NORTH AMERICA
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26. PROTOZOAN PARASITES OF FISHES
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27. AQUACULTURE WATER REUSE SYSTEMS: ENGINEERING DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT
Edited by M. B. Timmons and T. Losordo
28. FRESHWATER FISH CULTURE IN CHINA: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE
Edited by J. Mathias and S. Li 1994 xvi + 446 pages
29. PRINCIPLES OF SALMONID CULTURE
Edited by W. Pennell and B.A. Barton 1996 xxx + 1040 pages
30. STRIPED BASS AND OTHER MORONE CULTURE
Edited by R. M. Harrell 1997 xx + 366 pages
31. BIOLOGY OF THE HARD CLAM
Edited by J.N. Kraeuter and M. Castagna 2001 xix + 751 pages
32. EDIBLE SEA URCHINS: BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
Edited by J. M. Lawrence 2001 xv + 419 pages
33. DESIGN AND OPERATING GUIDE FOR AQUACULTURE SEAWATER SYSTEMS (2nd EDITION)
by J.E. Huguenin and J. Colt 2002 viii + 328 pages
Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science - 33
DESIGN AND OPERATING GUIDE
FOR AQUACULTURE SEAWATER
SYSTEMS - SECOND EDITION
JOHN E. HUGUENIN
Falmouth, Massachusetts
U.S.A.
JOHN COLT
Northwest Fisheries Science Center
National Marine Fisheries Service
Seattle, Washington
U.S.A.
2002
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Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................
Chapter 2. Problem definition and establishing requirements .......................... 5
2.1 Design process ........................................................................ 5
2.2 Defining objectives .................................................................... 6
2.3 Quantifying requirements .............................................................. 7
2.4 Production cycle ...................................................................... 9
2.5 Production modeling .................................................................. 12
2.5.1 Growth models .............................................................. 12
2.5.2 Mortality models ............................................................ 13
2.5.3 Length-weight relationships ................................................. 13
2.6 Types of systems ...................................................................... 16
2.7 System carrying capacity .............................................................. 20
2.7.1 Ammonia ................................................................... 22
2.7.2 Nitrite ....................................................................... 24
2.7.3 Nitrate ...................................................................... 24
2.7.4 Dissolved oxygen ............................................................ 24
2.7.5 Carbon dioxide .............................................................. 25
2.7.6 Hydrogen sulfide ............................................................ 25
2.7.7 Total gas pressure ............................................................ 27
2.7.8 pH .......................................................................... 27
2.7.9 Residual chlorine ............................................................ 27
2.7.10 Temperature ................................................................. 28
2.7.11 Salinity ..................................................................... 28
2.7.12 Heavy metals ................................................................ 28
2.7.13 Biocides ..................................................................... 28
2.8 Carrying capacity guidelines ........................................................... 29
2.9 Design requirements ................................................................... 39
2.9.1 Water flow .................................................................. 41
2.9.2 Rearing volume/area ........................................................ 42
2.9.3 Rearing container size and number ........................................... 43
2.10 Constraints ............................................................................ 43
Chapter 3. Site considerations .......................................................... 47
3.1 Marine conditions ..................................................................... 47
3.2 Terrestrial conditions .................................................................. 54
3.3 Permitting ............................................................................ 54
3.4 Site selection .......................................................................... 56
Chapter 4. Seawater sources ........................................................... 59
4.1 Options and considerations ............................................................ 59
VI
4.2 Artificial seawater ..................................................................... 60
4.3 Seawater wells ........................................................................ 62
4.4 Marine intakes ........................................................................ 66
Chapter 5. System planviews and elevations ............................................ 73
5.1 Generic system ........................................................................ 73
5.2 Elevations and head tanks ............................................................. 75
5.3 Intake and pump house considerations .................................................. 76
5.4 Discharge considerations .............................................................. 79
Chapter 6. Piping design and calculations .............................................. 81
6.1 Major tradeoffs ........................................................................ 81
6.2 Biofouling control ..................................................................... 82
6.3 Water hammer ........................................................................ 86
6.4 Frictional losses in pipes ............................................................... 87
6.5 Frictional losses in fittings ............................................................. 93
6.6 Open channel flow .................................................................... 93
6.7 Momentum in pipes ................................................................... 97
Chapter 7. Pump Selection ............................................................. 101
7.1 Pump options ......................................................................... 101
7.2 Generic centrifugal pump .............................................................. 104
7.3 NPSH and dynamic head .............................................................. 108
7.4 Matching system and pump ............................................................ 110
Chapter 8. Materials selection .......................................................... 117
8.1 Biological constraints ................................................................. 117
8.2 Seawater constraints ................................................................... 120
8.3 Piping materials ....................................................................... 122
8.4 Pump materials ....................................................................... 124
8.5 Marine concrete ....................................................................... 126
8.6 Problem areas ......................................................................... 126
Chapter 9. Seawater flow control ....................................................... 129
9.1 Gravity flow .......................................................................... 129
9.2 Water level control .................................................................... 131
9.3 Control of flow rate ................................................................... 133
9.4 Flow measurement .................................................................... 134
Chapter 10. Suspended solids removal ................................................... 137
10.1 Considerations, tradeoffs and options ................................................... 137
10.2 Cartridge filters ....................................................................... 139
10.3 Diatomaceous earth filters ............................................................. 140
10.4 Filter bags ............................................................................ 141
10.5 Centrifuges and cyclones .............................................................. 141
10.6 Sand filters ............................................................................ 141
10.7 Microscreens .......................................................................... 144
10.8 Sedimentation ......................................................................... 145
VII
Chapter 11. Heating and cooling ........................................................ 151
11.1 Setting requirements ................................................................... 151
11.2 Heat exchangers ....................................................................... 154
11.3 Problem areas ......................................................................... 157
Chapter 12. Aeration and degassing ..................................................... 163
12.1 Aeration system requirements .......................................................... 163
12.2 Gravity aerators ....................................................................... 163
12.2.1 Packed columns ............................................................. 165
12.2.2 Perforated tray aerator ....................................................... 168
12.2.3 Lattice aerator ............................................................... 168
12.3 Submerged aerators ................................................................... 168
12.3.1 Absorption efficiency ........................................................ 171
12.3.2 Blower selection ............................................................. 173
12.3.3 Pumping and mixing ......................................................... 175
12.4 Gas supersaturation and degassing ..................................................... 178
12.5 Removal of other gases ................................................................ 180
Chapter 13. Disinfection ................................................................. 183
13.1 Considerations and options ............................................................ 183
13.2 Chemical compounds .................................................................. 184
13.3 Ozone ................................................................................ 187
13.4 Ultraviolet (UV) radiation ............................................................. 190
Chapter 14. Alarms, monitoring and automatic control systems ......................... 193
14.1 Characteristics and options ............................................................ 193
14.2 Alarm points .......................................................................... 195
14.3 Automatic control ..................................................................... 197
Chapter 15. Water recycling ............................................................. 201
15.1 Setting requirements and options ....................................................... 201
15.2 Nitrification and biofilters ............................................................. 202
15.3 Foam fractionation .................................................................... 206
15.4 Activated carbon and ion exchange ..................................................... 207
15.5 Algae ................................................................................. 210
Chapter 16. Wet laboratory areas ....................................................... 211
16.1 General considerations and trade-offs .................................................. 211
16.2 Indoor areas ........................................................................... 212
16.3 Outdoor areas ......................................................................... 215
Chapter 17. Construction considerations ................................................ 217
17.1 Construction arrangements ............................................................. 217
17.2 Construction cost estimating ........................................................... 217
17.3 Design changes ....................................................................... 219
17.4 Installation of seawater lines ........................................................... 219
17.5 Start-up ............................................................................... 220
VIII
Chapter 18. Operational considerations ................................................. 223
18.1 Operating procedures .................................................................. 223
18.2 Assignment of responsibilities ......................................................... 224
18.3 Spares and redundancy ................................................................ 224
18.4 Preventive maintenance ................................................................ 226
18.5 Monitoring and control ................................................................ 226
18.6 Operational problem areas ............................................................. 228
Chapter 19. Putting it all together ....................................................... 233
Chapter 20. Summary commandments .................................................. 249
References ................................................................................. 253
Appendices ................................................................................. 263
A Conversions, definitions and seawater properties ........................................ 264
A- 1 Conversion factors ........................................................... 264
A-2 Definitions .................................................................. 265
A-3 Seawater properties as a function of temperature and salinity .................. 269
B Flow-through seawater system bibliography ............................................ 272
C Reuse seawater system bibliography ................................................... 276
D Water quality bibliography ............................................................. 281
E Biofouling bibliography ............................................................... 284
F Materials bibliography ................................................................. 287
G Suspended solids removal bibliography ................................................. 291
H Temperature control bibliography ...................................................... 295
I Aeration and degassing bibliography ................................................... 298
J Disinfection bibliography .............................................................. 306
K Culture unit shape, size and flow pattern/hydraulics bibliography ....................... 309
L Feeder bibliography ................................................................... 314
M Indexes for equipment and supplies .................................................... 320
N Computer data search ................................................................. 322
N-1 Traditional fee-based searches ................................................ 322
N-2 Internet sources .............................................................. 323
N-2.1 Governmental sites (and sites with a lot of free information) .......... 323
N-2.2 Non-governmental sites .............................................. 324
N-2.3 Document delivery services .......................................... 324
N-2.4 E-mail alerting service ............................................... 324
N-2.5 Society web sites .................................................... 325
N-2.6 On-line journals ..................................................... 325
N-3 Aquaculture information lists ................................................. 325
Subject Index .............................................................................. 327
Chapter 1
Introduction
There is a strong and broad-based need from many educational, research and commercial
organizations and individuals for information on the planning, design, construction and
operations of seawater systems (salinities from freshwater to brines) with flow rates in the
range of 10-1000 gallons per minute (40-4000 liters per minute). While the objectives
of these systems vary widely, they all depend on a common technological and biological
database. Since the seawater system is usually only a means to an end, most potential users
have little prior practical experience or technical knowledge in this area. Practical information
on seawater systems for culturing purposes tends to be fragmented and not readily available
in usable form. Most conventional engineering experience is with marine systems which are
orders of magnitude larger. This technology is often not readily scaled down, or directly
useable and, more than likely, prohibitively expensive.
Unfortunately, neither a good understanding of the biology nor the engineering alone is
likely to result in a practical system. Biologists generally do not understand the mechanical and
hydraulic aspects, engineers usually do not sufficiently appreciate the biological requirements,
and usually neither appreciate the economic and regulatory constraints that can heavily
influence decisions. In short, because success depends on a blend of expertise, avoidable
mistakes with seawater systems are common. While many may claim expertise, there are,
in fact, few experienced bioengineers available and they tend to be associated with small
consulting companies specializing in these matters.
Bioengineers generally spend much of their time 'educating' the user or client to the
tradeoffs and consequences of major-system decisions. Not uncommonly, major-system
decisions have already been made and fixed prior to seeking bioengineering assistance. This
can be a serious problem. In addition, this bioengineering expertise may be either unavailable
or unaffordable to many potential users. While considerable knowledge and experience
has been gained with the design, construction, and operations of seawater culture systems,
this accumulated experience has been very poorly documented and is therefore not readily
available. In addition, much of this knowledge has been learned the hard way by trial and
error. Since communications are poor, the same mistakes tend to be made over and over again.
This book is intended to fill these gaps and hopefully reduce seawater systems problems. For
simple systems and conditions, this book may be completely adequate. For more complex
systems or conditions, this book may avoid the expensive mistakes often made by users early
in a project and greatly reduce the 'user education' phase of system design.
Even with this book as a guide, many projects will be sufficiently complex to require
the user to seek outside technical expertise. There are usually a number of sources of
'free' technical help, such as universities, equipment manufacturers, or various governmental