Design and Construction of a Falling-Bobbin Viscometer to Measure the Viscosity of Liquids at Elevated Pressures

124 Pages·3.616 MB·English

by  Krupen, Ira

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A PALLING-BOBBIN
VISCOMETER TO MEASURE THE VISCOSITY
OF LIQUIDS AT ELEVATED PRESSURES
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the
Degree of
MASTER OP MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
at the
POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OP BROOKLYN
by
Ira Krupen
May 1951
Approved:
Bead of Dep^^ment ^ d
Thesis Adviser
ProQuest Number: 27591579
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VITA
The writer was born June 20, 1923 in Brooklyn, New York,
He attended public schools in Brooklyn, graduating from the
Brooklyn Technical High School in June 1941. He entered
the School of Technology, College of the City of New York
in September 1941 enrolling as a mechanical engineering
3 tudent «
In June 1943 he left school to enter the U. S. Army
Air Force and saw action in China. He was honorably
discharged in January 1946.
He returned to the School of Technology, College of
the City of New York in January 1946 resuming his studies
in mechanical engineering.
The writer's professional affiliations are as follows;
1) American Society of Mechanical Engineer, Junior Member;
2) Tau Beta Pu; 3) Pi Tau Sigma.
In February 1948 he formally received the degree of
Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering.
In March 1948 he accepted a position as a mechanical
engineer in the Structural Mechanics and Hydrodynamics
Section of the Material Laboratory at the New York Naval
Shipyard, Brooklyn, New York, where he is now presently
employed. His work consisted of design, development, and
testing in the mechanical field.
The thesis work began in April 1949 and was ended
May 1951. The machining, construction, and experimental
work was carried out in the machine shop in the Main Building
and in the Wunsch Laboratory of Mechanical Analysis In the
Mechanical Engineering Building of the Polytechnic Institute
of Brooklyn.
Signed
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author wishes to express his sincere thanks and
appreciation to Professor E. L. Midgette for his guidance
as a thesis advisor, to my brother Philip for his technical
advise in electronics, and to mj wife Gertrude for helpful
criticisms in the writing and typing of the manuscript.
DEDICATION
To Gertrude and daughter Rhonda Paula %ho
patiently waited and palnsakingly coooerated in every ^ay
)033ible for me to pursue this cour:3 of study.
ABSTRACT
Amethod of measuring the effect of pressure on the
viscosity of liquids is described herein. The object has
been to design and construct an instrument capable of measur­
ing the viscosity of liquids subjected to pressures ranging
from 0 to 2,000 atmospheres. The construction of a
viscometer and a method of calibrating the instrument with
other means of measuring viscosity is discussed.
The equipment as it exists at present and the results
that may be obtained from it will serve as a useful basis
for the further Investigation of the viscosity of liquids*
TABLE OP CONTENTS
Page
I - Viscosity
Introduction* ..................... 1
Effect of Temperature on the Viscosity of Liquids.* 17
Effect of Pressure on the Viscosity of Liquids..... 19
II - Palling Bobbin Viscometer
Preliminary Study................. 24
Theory of the Falling Bobbin Viscometer. # 25
Method of Applying the Theory ............... 46
III - Apparatus
Description of the Apparatus • ...... 53
Principle of Operation. ............ 66
Calibration of the Instrument,................. 70
Procedure of Operation of the Instrument........... 71
Method of Interpreting the Results........ ........ 73
Corrections to be Applied at Elevated Pressures,♦.. 77
IV - Constructional Design
Design. ......... 83
Parts Required............. 91
assembly Drawings ...... .94-97
Detail Drawings ..... 98-111
Bibliography ..... 112
PIQURES AND TABLES
Page
Figure (1-1) Shear Charcteristics of Various Types
of Materials ............ *....... 4
Figure (1-2) Deformation of an Elastic Solid. ..... 6
Figure (1-3) Rate of Deformation of a Liquid........... 7
Figure (1-4) Shear Stress at Any Point in a Liquid..... 9
Table I Density Constants............ 17
Figure (1-5) The Variation of Viscosity of Typical
SAE Oils with Temperature........ 18
Table II Viscosity of Typical Rydaulic Oils at Elevated
Pressures. ...... «......... 21
Figure (1-6) The Variation of Viscosity of Typical
Hydraulic Oils with Pressure... 22
Table III Variation of Viscosity of Three Liquids with
Pressure. 23
Figure (2-1) A Piston Falling in a Cylindrical Tube.... 25
Figure (2-2) Elementary Cuboid of Fluid........ 28
Figure (2-3) Forces on the Cuboid......... 29
Figure(2-4) Polar Coordinates Defining the Elementary
Cuboid. ..... 32
Figure (2-5) Boundary Conditions of the Bobbin......... 36
Figure (2-6) Plot of Equation (2-71).................... 47
Figure (2-7) A Cuboid of Steel Under a Sydrostatlc
Pressure. ...... 49
Figure (5-1) Schematic Diagram of the Equipment........ 54
Figure (3-2) Photograph of the Complete Setup of the
Apparatus. ........... 55
Figure (3-5) Photograph of the High Pressure Pump...... 56
Figure (3-4) Photograph of the Control Panel.......... 57
Figure (5-5) Photograph of the Side View of the
Apparatus ............. 59
Figure (3-6) Photograph of the Rear View of the
Apparatus ................. 61
Figure (3-7) Photograph of the Recording Instruments... 62
Figure (3-8) Photograph of the Viscometer Vessel
and Stand....... 63
Figure (3-9) Photograph of the Viscometer Vessel
Tilted in the Stand................. 64
Figures (3-10) to (3-18) Photographs of Details of
Viscometer Vessel*.* ...... 65
Figure (3-13) Circuit Diagram of the Electrical System.. 67
Figure (3-14) Variation of the Voltages in the Coils.... 69
Figure (3-15) Photostat of a Typical Fall Time Record... 74
Table IV Bill of Materials........ 91
Figure (4-1) Falling Bobbin Viscometer Assembly......... 94
Figure (4-8) Sectional Assembly of Top Head of
Viscometer ....... ........ 95
Figure (4-3) Sectional Assembly of Coupling of
V i s c o m e t e r . 96
Figure (4-4) Sectional Assembly of Bottom Head of
Vis c o m e t e r 97
Figures (4-5) to (4-20) Details of Viscometer Parts....
98-110
Figure (4-21) Viscometer Stand*........ * .*.... Ill