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Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering Wei Wu    Editor Desiderata Geotechnica Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering Series editor Wei Wu, Universität für Bodenkultur, Vienna, Austria e-mail: [email protected] Geomechanicsdealswiththeapplicationoftheprincipleofmechanicstogeomaterials including experimental, analytical and numerical investigations into the mechani- cal, physical, hydraulic and thermal properties of geomaterials as multiphase media. Geoengineering covers a wide range of engineering disciplines related to geomateri- alsfromtraditionaltoemergingareas. Theobjectiveofthebookseriesistopublishmonographs,handbooks,workshop proceedings and textbooks. The book series is intended to cover both the state-of- the-art and the recent developments in geomechanics and geoengineering. Besides researchers, the series provides valuable references for engineering practitioners and graduate students. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8069 Wei Wu Editor Desiderata Geotechnica 123 Editor Wei Wu Institut für Geotechnik Universitätfür Bodenkultur Vienna,Austria ISSN 1866-8755 ISSN 1866-8763 (electronic) SpringerSeries inGeomechanics andGeoengineering ISBN978-3-030-14986-4 ISBN978-3-030-14987-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14987-1 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2019933216 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Contents Modelling Grain Fragmentation in Hypoplasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Erich Bauer The Development of the Material Point Method for Simulating Nonlocal Failure Evolution Involved in Multi-phase Interactions. . . . . . 21 Zhen Chen Modelling of Shaking-Induced Slope Displacements During Strong Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Roberto Cudmani On the Simulation of the Cyclic Mobility Effect with an ISA-Hypoplastic Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 W. Fuentes and C. Lascarro Fractality in Geomechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Gerd Gudehus Hypoplastic Prediction of Path-Dependent Failure in True Triaxial Tests of Granular Soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Wenxiong Huang Discrete Element Models of Soil-Geogrid Interaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Alina Irsainova, Marcos Arroyo, and Jong-Ryeol Kim On Why and Where GSH Is Rate-Independent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Yimin Jiang and Mario Liu Mathematical Modeling of Deformation of Self-stress Rock Mass Surrounding a Tunnel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 S. V. Lavrikov and A. F. Revuzhenko Constitutive Relations from Particle Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Stefan Luding v vi Contents Modelling of Bentonite for Nuclear Waste Disposal Facilities with Hypoplasticity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 David Mašín Concepts of Barodesy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Gertraud Medicus, Wolfgang Fellin, Dimitrios Kolymbas, and Fabian Schranz A Model for Trap Door Flow from a Deep Container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 H.-B. Muhlhaus and L. N. Moresi Desiderata Geotechnica: Halting Steps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 David Muir Wood Significance and Usefulness of the tij Concept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Teruo Nakai Essential Concepts of Neohypoplasticity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Andrzej Niemunis and Carlos E. Grandas Tavera On the Formulation of Multiphase Porous Geomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Fusao Oka and Sayuri Kimoto Discrete Element Modeling of Free-Standing Wire Reinforced Jammed Granular Columns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Pavel S. Iliev, Falk K. Wittel, and Hans J. Herrmann Fabric Evolution in Granular Materials Under Strain Probing . . . . . . . 151 Mehdi Pouragha, Niels P. Kruyt, and Richard Wan On How to Look Inside Geo-Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Alexander Scheuermann, Ling Li, Hans Muehlhaus, Thierry Bore, Sergio Galindo Torres, Dorival Pedroso, Farzin Hamidi, HMD Harshani, Tilman Bittner, Somayeh Behraftar, and Mohammad Aminpour The Biot Coefficient for a Low Permeability Geomaterial with a Heterogeneous Fabric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 A. P. S. Selvadurai Effective Stress and Effective Stress Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Longtan Shao, Xiaoxia Guo, Tiande Wen, and Boya Zhao On the Use of the Finite Element Method for the Design of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Hendrik Sturm and Lars Andresen Fabric: A Missing Link Between Critical State and Critical State Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 A. I. Theocharis, E. Vairaktaris, Y. F. Dafalias, and A. G. Papadimitriou Contents vii Soils Under High- and Low-Cycle Loading - Experiments vs. Predictions by Constitutive Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Torsten Wichtmann Non-destructive Evaluation of Residual Tension of Ground Anchor Using Resonance Phenomenon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 A. Yashima, H. Saito, K. Aoike, M. Yamazaki, Y. Sone, and T. Wachi Multi-hazard Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Limin Zhang Deformation and Strength of Transversely Isotropic Rocks. . . . . . . . . . 237 Yang Zhao and Ronaldo I. Borja Numerical Simulation of a CAES Pile with Hypoplasticity. . . . . . . . . . . 242 Wei Wu, Shun Wang, Guofang Xu, Jilin Qi, Dichuan Zhang, and Jong-Ryeol Kim Epilogue.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 251 Author Index.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 253 Prologue ThisbookpresentscontributionstoaworkshopdedicatedtoProf.GerdGudehuson occasion of his 80th birthday. The workshop was organized within the China-Europe Conference on Geotechnical Engineering at the Universität für Bodenkultur,Vienna,Austria.TherewasacocktaildinnergivenbyProf.Gudehus for the workshop participants on 13 August 2018. The workshop lasted for three fulldaysfrom14to16August2018withpresentationsandsubsequentdiscussions. The workshop also attracted many conference participants. The lively discussions reminded me of the good old times with Gerd in Karlsruhe. The book title “Desiderata Geotechnica” was suggested by Gerd, who has been opposingtrivializationandcanonizationinresearchbecausesuchmind-settingmay eventually undermine any development in our profession. In his own contribution and the epilogue in this book, Gerd draws our attention to the so-called critical phenomenaandtheirfractalnature,whicharehighlyrelevantformanyproblemsin geo-engineering and geoscience. The research is challenging yet rewarding, and may bring about a paradigm change in our perception for safety and the observa- tional method. In this sense, our workshop offered an excellent opportunity for a much desired discourse. Allworkshopparticipantsdeservemyheartfeltthanksfortheircontributionsand theirdiligencetodelivertheirpublications ontime.Iamindebtedtotheworkshop chairs Prof. Alexander Scheuermann (Queensland, Australia) and Prof. Torsten Wichtmann (Weimar, Germany), and to Prof. Dimitrios Kolymbas (Innsbruck, Austria) for his laudation. The articles in this book, many written by former stu- dents, friends, and colleagues of Gerd, cover a diverse range of topics that reflect thebreadthanddepthofgeomechanicsresearch.Thecocktaildinnerwassponsored in part by the foundation engineering contractor Keller Grundbau, Germany, rep- resented by their CEO Dr. Venu Raju. This book is a humble tribute to Prof. Gudehus, who has made such a profound impact on our profession. ix x Prologue GudehuswithWichtmannduringtheWorkshop GerdGudehuswasbornon23July1938inHamburg,Germany.Hisfatherwas an electrical engineer and his mother an artist. Gerd read civil engineering at the Technical University Berlin and obtained his diploma and Dr.-Ing. there. In 1968, Gerd joined the soil mechanics group of Karlsruhe University in South Germany, nowKarlsruheInstituteofTechnology.Onlysomefiveyearslaterin1973,thethen 35-year-old Gudehus was offered the chair professor of soil mechanics in Karlsruhe. He set a record as the youngest chair professor of geotechnical engi- neering in the history of German universities. Since then, Gerd was at the helm of the largest research institute in geotechnical engineering for more than three decades until his retirement in emeritus status in 2006. In its prime time, the institutehadupto100peopleonstaff.Theleadershipofthelargeinstituteofstrong individualscalledfor hardworkandingenuity. Besides theposition asheadofthe institute,Gerdservedasthedeanofthefacultyofcivilengineeringandasthevice president for research of the university. This reads like a storybook career. However, Gudehus is no ordinary man. Ordinary people make career themselves, and extraordinary people establish a school of thought with profound impact on a whole generation. Gerd, with his passion for rational mechanics, established the Karlsruhe school of soil mechanics with the hallmark of rational approach to geotechnical engineering, an otherwise much empiricism-dominated engineering discipline. In spite of his management responsibilities,Gerd’sresearchoutputhasbeenveryimpressive.Moreimpressive is his ability to inspire young fellows at various stages of their career. During the past 33 years as chair professor, Gerd supervised some 75 theses leading to the degree of Dr.-Ing. and Dr. Sci. (habilitation). This set another record of most supervisedthesesofourtrade.Thosewhohaveeverworkedunderhistutelagewere instilledwiththeKarlsruheespritofpassionandrationaleforresearchtofollowone day his footsteps and pursue an academic career. Some 16 of his students became chair professors in Germany and abroad. Yet another record! This is phenomenal

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