Descriptions of a new genus and two new species of viviparid snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Viviparidae) from the Early Cretaceous (middle-late Albian) Griman Creek Formation of Lightning Ridge, northern New South Wales

11 Pages·2002·2.2 MB·

DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW GEMS AND TWO NEWSPECIES OF VIVIPARIDSNAILS
(MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA: VIVIPARIDAE) FROMTHE EARLY CRETACEOUS
(MIDDLE-LATEAI.BIAN)GRIMANCREEKFORMATION OFLIGHTNING RIDGE,
NORTHERN NEW SOUTH WALES
ROBERTJHAMILTON-BRUCE. BRIANJ SMITH & KAREN LGOWLETT-HOLMES
HAMILTON BRUCE. RJ.SMITH. BJ &OOWLETT-HOLMES. KL. 2002.Descriptionsofa
How genus and two new species of viviparid snails (Mollusea: Gastropoda: Vivip;ai((ae) from
the Early Cretaceous (middle-lute Albianl Griman Creek Formation of Lightning Ridge,
northern NewSouth Wales. Records ofihe SouthAustralianMuseum 35(2): 193-203.
Fossil gastropods belonging to the family Viviparidae (Caenogastropodn tProsobranehuO)
are described from Hie Early Cretaceous (middle- late Albian) Griman Creek Formation of
Lightning Ridge, northern New South Wales From our research, this is the earliest definitive
record of non-marine gastropods from Australia and amongst the oldest viviparid material in
'he world recorded todale. A newgenusand twonew speciesare described, andothermaterial
jiiiihniaiile 10 |de extant genus Nniopala is recorded. Implications for the current distribution
ofthe Viviparidae aieaddressed,
"•Robert .1 Hamilton-Bruce, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide,. South
Australia 5000; Brian J Smith. Queen Victoria Museum. Wellington Street, Launeeston.
Tasmania 7250, Australia; Karen L Gowlctt-Holmes, CSIRO Division of—Marine Research,
GPO Bo\ 1538, Hobart, Tasmania7001. Australia; ^corresponding author email: Hamilton
bruce.rohertts'saugov.sa.gov.au Manuscriptreceived 29July 2002.
Opalised fossils have long been known from distributionofextant viviparid taxa arediscussed.
the Lower Cretaceous (middle-laie Albian) The Viviparidae is a cosmopolitan group of
freshwater deposits of the Griman Creek freshwater caenogasiropods, characterised by
Formation, Lightning Ridge, New South Wales medium- to large-si«:d lurbiniform shells which
(Smith 1999). To date, much of the published possess a rounded hody whorl, moderately high,
work has focused on Fish (Kemp 1991; Kemp & pointed spire; wide, round aperture; and sub-
Molnar 1981) and terrestrial tehapod remains spiral, horny operculum (Smith 1992).Thecurrent
(Archer ct al 1985; Flannery et a| 1995; Molnar Australian distribution ofthe group is limited to a
I'WJa, 1980b, 1991, Molnar & Gallon 1986; Rich few species occurring in lite large drainage basins
et al 1989) with relatively few reports (Detimauet that span much of ihe arid centre and northern
al 1992; McMichael 1957; Smith 1999) tropical regions ofthe continent
summarising the vast quantities of invertebrate The fossilrecord forViviparidae is known from
material recovered from the area. The recent the Jurassic toRecent {Vniparus Monitor!, 1810),
opportunity to examine Lightning Ridee with a tentative report based on an internal shell
gastropod specimens (brought to our attention by (Wemicia Cox, 1927) mould (possibly of marine
Ben Kear. South Australian Museum, as part of origin) from the Lower Carboniferous ofEngland
an ongoing assessment of vertebrate and (Brookes-Knight et al 1960). Within Australia
invertebrate fossil material from the locality) from there are few records of fossil viviparids.
the Collections ol the Australian Museum. Sydney, Elheridge (1902) described the earliest potential
and several private individuals has prompted a Australian taxon, VMporus (?) atba-scopularis
systematic appraisal of the gasiropods within ihe Elhendge (alsonotedby Newton(1915)) fromthe
material recovered. This study describes Aprian marine deposits of Ihe Doncastcr Member
specimens attributable to the family Viviparidae (Wallumbilla Formation \ensu Burton & Mason
(Caenogastropoda (= Prosobranchta)), including a I998), White Cliffs, New South Wales This
new genus and two new species. Indeterminate specimen is currently under examination by the
material belonging to the exiant genus Noiopala authors and at present is regarded as being of
is also recorded, and the implications for unclear viviparid affinity. Cotton (1935a) erected
194 RJ HAMILTON-BRUCE,BJSMITH, KLGOWLETT-HOLMES
a species of Notopala (N. wanjacalda) from late present whorls across each side of the shell; the
Pleistocene sediments along the Murray River point at which they met was assessed as being
near Sunnyside, South Australia, and also noted a approximately the original apex ofthe shell (Cox
second taxon (Notopala sp.) from the same 1960). All specimens are deposited in the
deposits, which showed strong similarity to the Australian Museum (AM), Sydney. All
extant N. hanleyi (Frauenfeld, 1862). Viviparid specimens were prepared using a diamond drill-
snail shells from Early Cretaceous deposits in the bit attached via a flexible lead to a high-speed
Lightning Ridge area were recorded but not rotary motor. Shell measurements were made to
described by Dettman et al (1992) and Smith the nearest 0.05 mm using dial calipers.
(1999); the latter also recorded possible
representatives of the Naticidae, Thiaridae and
Ellobiidae. Few other Australian non-marine Systematics
gastropod fossils (all of Tertiary age) have been
recorded (Archer et al 1994; Arena, 1997; ClassGASTROPODA
Chapman 1937; McMichael 1968).
ORTHOGASTROPODA
Subclass
SuperorderCAENOGASTROPODA
MaterialsandMethods
OrderARCfflTAENIOGLOSSA
All specimens described herein are derived
from the Lightning Ridge opal fields (exact mine SuperfamilyAMPULLARIOIDEA
localities from which these specimens originated
are unknown), Surat Basin, northwestern New Family VIVIPARIDAEGray, 1847
South Wales. The opal-bearing sediments in this
area form part of the Griman Creek Formation, a
unit dated as middle-late Albian in age (Dettman Diagnosis
et al 1992). The deposit predominantly reflects a Medium to large dextral, turbiniform shells,
coastal plain facies (Burger 1988; Dettman et al body whorl rounded, spire moderately high,
1992) situated in anEarly Cretaceous high latitude pointed; aperture wide, round, parietal fold
zone (-70° S, Embleton 1984). Invertebrate present or absent; operculum horny, subspiral
fossils, plant root impressions and vertebrate (modified afterSmith 1992).
taphonomy suggest a freshwater estuarine to
lacustrine setting (Dettman et al 1992; Molnar Remarks
1980a). Palaeoclimatic indicators imply strongly The above diagnosis follows Smith (1992),
seasonal conditions with sea-level isotopic modified to accommodate the presence of a
palaeotemperatures in the EromangaBasin/ Surat parietal fold in the new genus described below.
Basin regions ranging from 11.9CC (northeast) to Viviparid snails are, as their name suggests,
16.3°C (southwest) (Dettman et al 1992; Stevens viviparous (live bearing) and are found in both
& Clayton 1971). lotic and lentic systems throughout the world
Designation of parietal fold position on the (Browne 1978). Within Australia the family is
specimens was achieved by positioning the fold currently represented by the extant native genera
within the aperture on a 360° compass setting Notopala, Larina and Centropala (Smith 1992).
when a vertical line through the axis, juxtaposed A species accidentally introduced from Asia,
to the column, is intersected by a horizontal line Bellamya heudei guangdungensis (Kobelt, 1906),
corresponding to the midpoint of the aperture. recorded by Shea (1994) as established in New
The adapical axis above the point of intersection South Wales, is not considered part of the
is taken as zero degrees. The diameters of all Australian fauna in this study. The Australian
shells were measured following the method of members ofthe family have undergone substantial
Boycott (1928) and are defined as 'the greatest revision over many years (Cotton 1935a, 1935b;
dimension that can be found starting with the Sheldon & Walker 1993; Stoddart 1982); the use
edge of the lip to a point on the opposite side of of intraspecific shell variation and morphometric
the shell on the last whorl'. To enable data by recent authors has resulted in a substantial
extrapolation of the numbers of missing whorls, reduction in the numbers of accepted species.
the incremental angle of the shells was judged Shell colouring and pattern and the form of the
by drawing a line so as to touch each of the operculum, which are important characters in
EARLYCRETACEOUS VIVIPARIDSNAIt.S 195
determining generic placement in this family, arc are in any way intended to suggest relationships
characters lost in most fossils. between members of either the Notopala sp.
The present specimens from Lightning Ridge presented here or the new genus and any extant
are over 100 million years old (Albian [108- species.
97.5 MaJ) and totally opalised. While sculpturing
on some specimens has been preserved, colour-
bands and opcreula have not; therefore, only GenusAlbianopalin gen. nov.
Structural shell characters could be used to assign
them to taxa. Two major factors have been taken Diagnosis
into account—before deciding to place them in Shell dextral, thick, solid, globose to
Vivipandae the shell morphology, which fits subglobose, ventricose, three-five whorls,
within the currently accepted diagnosis of the subumbilicale; aperture subovate, large,
family widi only slight modification (the presence approximately cqua] to height of spire; parietal
of the parietal fold in Ihe two new species); and fold present, simple. Operculum unknown.
the freshwater depositional environment from
which they originated. Whilst all the specimens Type species
can be accommodated within the family Albianopalin benkeari sp. nov.
Viviparidae, those possessing a parietal fold
cannot be assigned to any currently recognised Etymology
genus and are considered to belong to a new From the combination ofAlbian, n. referring to
genus which is described below. Direct age ofthe LowerCretaceousopal-bearingdeposits
comparisons between species, living or fossil, are of the Griman Creek Formation, and opalin.
few (Brown 1980); however, due to the lack of Middle English, from apalus, Latin, alteration of
colour patterns and opcreula as well as soft parts Greekopallios, for 'opal'.
in these fossils, the only remaining methods are
based on morphology. Therefore, we have applied Remarks
parts of the morphometric data gathered by While this new genus has similarities to
Sheldon and Walker (1993) to justify the Notopala (Cotton, 1935b), Albianopalin gen. nov.
placement of these specimens within Viviparidae, is easily separated from Notopala and all other
and in one case in the extant genus Notopala, and genera within the family by the presence of a
to offer a method of comparison between extant parietal fold in the basal lip, currently a feature
andextinct species. None ofthe data comparisons unique to this genus within the family.
B
RCil.JRE 1. AMFI22185Albaiw/uilin benkearisp. nov. in A,apertural and H.dorsal views.
196 RJ HAMILTON-BRUCE,BJSMITH, KLGOWLETT-HOLMES
Etymology
Named for Ben Kear, for his assistance in this
study.
Remarks
Holotype unique. The position of the parietal
fold separates A. benkeari sp. nov. from the
other new species described below. The
holotype specimen is undistorted, but the spire
is incomplete. Extrapolation from the spire
angle indicates that there may have been at least
four and as many as five complete whorls
originally. Being opalised, the state of
preservation of the holotype is very good, with
much of its detailed surface ornamentation
preserved.
Albianopalin Uzsmithae sp. nov. (Figs 3, 4,
Appendix)
FIGURE 2. AMF122185Albanopalin benkeari sp. nov.
inapertural view showingangleofparietalfold. Diagnosis
With the features of the genus; parietal fold
simple, 112° from the vertical.
Albianopalin benkeari sp. nov. (Figs 1, 2, Type specimen
Appendix) Holotype: AMF122186 (Figs 3, 4, Appendix)
Diagnosis Localityandhorizon
With the features of the genus; parietal fold Lightning Ridge opal fields (precise site within
simple, 70° from vertical axis. the opal fields unknown), northern New South
Wales, Surat Basin, Griman Creek Formation,
Typespecimen middle-late Albian.
'Holotype: AMF122185 (Figs 1, 2, Appendix)
Description
Localityandhorizon Shell, 15.1 mm high, 12.9 mm maximum
Lightning Ridge opal fields (precise site within diameter, dextral, turbiniform, subglobose.
the opal fields unknown), northern New South Teleconch with two complete whorls and broken
Wales, Surat Basin, Griman Creek Formation, parts, pointing to the possible presence of further
middle-late Albian. whorls. Whorls impressed. This particular
specimen has undergone some dorsoventral
Description compression which has resulted in distortion,
Shell 17.7 mm high, 16.4 mm maximum especially at base of final whorl. Aperture large
diameter, dextral, turbiniform, subglobose. (9.95 mm high), round; basal outer lip varicose
Teleconch with three complete whorls and broken with no evidence of eversion. A single, basal
mm mm
parts, pointing to the possible presence of further parietal fold (3.75 long, 2.3 wide,
whorls. Whorls impressed. Relatively evenly 2.2 mm deep) is present on surface of basal lip,
spaced spiral prosocyrt ornamentation present on deepest side facing adaperturally (Fig. 4). Spiral
many areas of teleconch. Aperture large prosocyrt ornamentation present on parts of
mm
(10.85 high), round; basal outer lip varicose teleconch, especially proximal to aperture.
with no evidence of eversion. A single,
triangulated parietal fold (3.0 mm long, 1.0mm Etymology
wide, 2.0 mm deep) present on upper surface of We name this species for our colleague
basal lip, deepest side facing adaperturally (Fig. Elizabeth (Liz) Smith of the Australian Museum
2). (AM), forherassistance in this study.
EARLYCRETACEOUS VIV1PARIDSNAILS 197
HH
A B
FIGURE3. AMF122186Albunnpulinlizsmiilwesp, nov. in A,apertural andB,dorsal views.
Remarks
Holotype unique. The position of the parietal
fold separates A. Uzsmithae sp. nov. from A.
benkearl sp. nov. as described above. The
holotype has undergone moderate dorsoventral
compression, resulting in the specimen appearing
stretched. Like A. benkeari sp. nov., the spire is
incomplete, andextrapolation from [he spire angle
indicates that there originally may have been at
least four and as many as five complete whorls.
Being opalised and having damage to parts ofthe
surface of the teleconch, the state of preservation
is good enough to preserve some of its detailed
surfaceornamentation.
Genus Notopala (Cotton, 1935b)
Type specimen
Type species: Paludina hanleyi (Frauenfeld.
1864)by original designation.
Diagnosis
Shell dextral, globose-conic, subumbilicaic,
five whorls, ventricosc to angulate below the
periphery; aperture subovate, large, about equal to
FIGURE 4. AMFI22186 Albanopalin Uzsmithae sp. height of spire; parietal fold absent; operculum
nov. inapcrluralview showingangleofparietal fold. corneous.
198 RJ HAMILTON-BRUCE, BJ SMITH, KLGOWLETT-HOLMES
B
FIGURE5. AMF13001 Notopalasp. inA, aperturaland B,dorsal views.
Remarks lip varicose with no evidence ofeversion.
These specimens are extremely significant.
Until theirdiscovery, none ofthe currently living Remarks
native Australian viviparid genera were known There is considerable variation in size, state of
from deposits older than Plio-Pleistocene. This preservation, degree ofcorrosion and/ordamage to
temporal range is nowextendedback tothe Lower the shells, opalisation, amount ofmatrix deposition
Cretaceous (middle-late Albian). It is also on the shells, completeness of the aperture and
interesting to note that another living species, the presence/absence of ornamentation. We have not
lungfish Neoceratodusforsteri, has been recorded described these specimens as a new species at this
from the Griman Creek Formation of Lightning stage. We feel that the exact taxonomic position of
Ridge (Kemp & Molnar 1981). this material compared with other species in the
genus requires further study. The preceding table
Notopala sp. (Fig. 5, Appendix) (&TabWlael1k)e,rdia1g9r9a3m)(Faign.d6,gmroadpihfie(dFifgr.om7)Sheslhdoown
Referredmaterial measurements of shell characters for each of the
AMF13001 (Fig. 5), AMF122166-AMF122184 living Australian speciesofNotopala, andillustrate
morphometric similarity of the specimens of
(notfigured herein).
Albianopalin nov. sp. as well as Notopala sp.
Localityandhorizon described here to existing members of the genus.
Lightning Ridge opal fields (precise site within However, the specimens of Notopala sp. vary
the opal fields unknown), northern New South greatly in their physical condition, and it has not
Wales, Surat Basin, Griman Creek Formation, been possible to take the full range of
middle-late Albian. measurements fromeachofthe 20specimensbeing
studied. The reason forthe inclusion ofthis data is
Description not to demonstrate any relationship between extant
Shell dextral, turbiniform, subglobose. species and the specimens from Lightning Ridge,
Teleconch with two to three complete but to show that the physical characteristics ofthe
impressed whorls; the incremental angle of the new material {Albianopalin sp. nov. and Notopala
shell indicates that there were originally four or sp.) fit within the parameters for inclusion in the
five whorls. Aperture large, round; basal outer familyViviparidae.
EARLYCRETACEOUSVIVIPARIDSNAILS 199
ApertureLip
tcngth
(ALL)
Umbilical "^
widih
CVMB)
Shell
length
(SHL)
FIGURE 6. Diagram illustrating measurement parameters used in the morphomctric analysis (modified from
Sheldon&Walker 1993).
APL SHW UMB APW ALL
CH Notopalasp.. gen. N. waterhousii
>'.:••$:.•>:' "Banded" Shells N. essingtonensis
Notopalasublineata (Cooper) N. alisoni
Notopalasublineata (Darling) A. benkeari nov, sp, *
I
*
N. hanleyi A. lizsmithae nov. sp.
I = Standard deviation * single sample
FIGURE7. Histogramshowingresultsofmorphometricanalysis.TaxaincludelivingspeciesofNotopala(modified
from Sheldon & Walker 1993), Notopala sp. (AMF1300I, AMF122185-122184), Alhianopalin benkeari
(AMF122185)andA. lizsmithae(AMF122186).
200 RJ HAMILTON-BRUCE, BJ SMITH. KLGOWLETT-HOLMES
TABLE 1. Mean shell measurements (mm) for various living species of Notopala (*modified from Sheldon &
Walker 1993) compared with those for Notopala sp. (AMF13001, AMF122185-122184), Albumopalin benkeari
(AMF122185) and A. lizsmithae (AMF122186). Because not all specimens of Notopala sp. were complete, the
number (n) ofspecimens used foreach individual parameter is indicated separately. Standard deviation (SD) rows
were not includedforA. benkeariandA. lizsmitliaeasonly asinglespecimen hascurrently been recovered foreach
ofthese taxa. Abbreviations: SHL, shell length; APL, apertural length; SHW, shell width; UMB, umbilical width;
APW, aperturewidth; SPL, spirelength; ALL, apertureliplength.
Species Number SHL APL SHW UMB APW SPL ALL
*N. alisoni 20 21.59 11.91 16.3 02.59 09.77 14.78 05.35
(Brazier, 1979) SD 0.086 0.039 0.054 0.014 0.034 0.064 0.015
*N. essingionensis 20 21.70 12.00 16.58 1.96 10.10 14.47 6.11
(Frauenfeld, 1862) SD 0.082 0.038 0.067 0.016 0.038 0.067 0.025
*N. waterhousii 10 38.59 22.84 33.14 4.63 18.88 25.01 10.02
(Adams&Angus, 1864) SD 0.209 0.105 0.164 0.024 0.087 0.131 0.043
*N. hanleyi 42 16.67 10.50 13.83 1.29 8.52 11.00 5.57
(Frauenfeld, 1862) SD 0.520 0.026 0.036 0.00 0.025 0.037 0.013
*N. sublineata 28 18.32 10.84 14.53 2.05 9.21 12.04 5.24
(D)(Conrad 1850) SD 0.063 0.024 0.040 0.012 0.026 0.039 0.016
*N. sublineata 35 19.46 11.06 15.52 2.21 8.89 12.59 4.93
(C)(Conrad 1850) SD 0.058 0.027 0.039 0.010 0.018 0.040 0.009
'Banded' shells 15 22.15 13.18 18.10 2.06 10.69 14.6 6.42
SD 0.110 0.053 0.008 0.011 0.045 0.079 0.029
Notopala sp. 20 - 10.35 (19) 14.43 (20) 3.24(10) 9.20 (15) - 4.71 (9)
SD - 2.563 3.053 0.616 1.80 - 1.071
—
A. benkeari 1 17.7 10.85 16.4 3.35 9.85 6.2
A. lizsmithae 1 15.1 9.95 12.9 3.4 8.15 - 4.4
Discussion climatic conditions which characterised many
Australianhigh latitudedepositional environments
Albianopalin benkeari sp. nov., A. lizsmithae duringtheEarly Cretaceous.
sp. nov. and Notopala sp. share the distinction of The implications of this study, combined with
being the three oldest known definitively assigned subsequent investigations, could eventually
members ofthe Viviparidae in Australia and thus demonstrate a Gondwanan and possibly
serve to extend the range of the family in this Australian radiation formany ofthe species living
region back to at least the uppermost Early around the globe today.
Cretaceous. Since the family isconfidently known
from theJurassic toRecentinEurope, Viviparidae
Acknowledgments
therefore appears to be an ancient pre-Jurassic
group of probable Pangean origin. By the
This paper would never have been initiated without
Cretaceous, the family had diversified within the Ben Kear, who, since its inception, has more than
Gondwananregioninto arangeofendemic genera earned oursincere thanks. We wish also tothank Philip
and species. Ryan for examining the statistical methods employed.
While there are numerous Cretaceous records Greg Brown and George Koulis ofthe Royal Adelaide
offreshwater bivalves from Australia (Dettman et Hospital (RAH) helped considerably by contributing
al 1992; Hocknull 1997; Jell & Duncan 1986; high-grade imaging. Elizabeth (Liz) Smith. Bob Jones,
Ludbrook 1985; McMichael 1957), there are very Henk Godthelp, Tom Rich, Rolf Schmidt and Neville
few for non-marine gastropods from the same Pledge supported this work and generously permitted
period. The reasons for this apparent absence are access to their collections. Philip Clarke of the South
Australian Museum, Adelaide (SAMA), gave financial
unknown, but could be related to preservational support and encouragement. Anne Hamilton-Bruce of
biases (with shells rapidly breaking up or The Queen Elizabeth Hospital (TQEH) contributed
dissolving after death). Another possibly reason lateral thinking and assistance with editing. Chris lzzo
could be a lack of gastropod species due to poor (zoology student at Adelaide University) assisted with
tolerance of the strongly seasonal near-freezing measuring and statistical data analysis. Origin Energy,
EARLYCRETACEOUS VIVIPARIDSNAILS 201
The Advertiser newspaper. Coober Pcdy Tomism Rozefields, A. 1992. Australian Cretaceousterrestrial
Association, llie Souih Australian Museum and the faunas and floras: biostratigraphic and biogcograptiK
WalcrhouscClubgaveothersupporttothisproject. implications. Cretaceous Research 13: 207-262.
Ethendge. R 1902. A monograph of the Cretaceous
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