Description of three new Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) from New Zealand and their relationship to new world species

11 Pages·1996·7.1 MB·

by  J D Pinto

PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH.
98(3), 1996, pp. 396-406
DESCRIPTION OF THREE NEW TRICHOGRAMMA (HYMENOPTERA:
TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) FROM NEW ZEALAND AND THEIR
RELATIONSHIP TO NEW WORLD SPECIES
JOHN D. PINTO AND EARL R. OATMAN
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A.
Abstract.(cid:8212)Three new species of Trichogramma are described from New Zealand: T.
maori, T. valentinei and T. falx. These species are the only known representatives of the
cosmopolitan nominate subgenus known to occur in New Zealand. This assemblage rep-
resents a monophyletic group with closest relationship to New World species of the Dre-
panophorum Group. A key separating the three New Zealand species is included.
Key Words: Trichogrammatidae, Trichogramma, New Zealand
A recent examination of a collection of plete terms with acronyms are incorporated
undetermined New Zealand Trichogramma into the first description; their first mention
has revealed three undescribed species. All is indicated in bold. The other descriptions
are members of the nominate subgenus, and employ the acronyms only. Important terms
represent a group of remarkably distinct also are indicated in Figures 5(cid:8212)15. The api-
forms with closest ties to certain New cal distance (AD) and basal distance (BD)
World species. These descriptions represent associated with the genital capsule require
the first Trichogramma known only from some explanation. AD refers to the distance
New Zealand. Noyes and Valentine (1989), from the apex of the parameres to the base
in their review of New Zealand Tricho- of the intervolsellar process. BD is the dis-
grammatidae, noted the presence of the tance from the base of the intervolsellar
Australian species, T. funiculatum Carver process to the base of the genital capsule.
of the subgenus Trichogrammanza, and Both measures are often presented as a pro-
several (cid:8220)undetermined, mostly probably portion of the total length of the genital
undescribed species.(cid:8217)(cid:8217) The descriptions be- capsule (GL). The intervolsellar process,
low are based on a collection of card volsellae and dorsal lamina extend within
mounted specimens received from the New the apical distance and their length is re-
Zealand Arthropod Collection in Auckland ported in relation to it. Terminology asso-
which included the material examined by ciated with the forewings follows Doutt and
Noyes and Valentine. The majority of this Viggiani (1968) (see their Fig. 1). The num-
material was collected by sweeping and ber of setae between the 4th and 5th tracks
Malaise trapping in relatively natural areas. on the forewing provides a relative measure
Representatives of both sexes from all se- of setal density. The 4th is the first setal
ries were mounted in Canada balsam on track posterior to the RS,; the 5th is the
slides. track immediately anterior to the r-m.
The terminology associated with the All New Zealand localities are followed
male genitalia and used in the descriptions by a 2-letter code referring to arbitrarily de-
below was reviewed by Pinto (1992). Com- rived geographic areas as given in Crosby
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 3 397
et al. (1976). Abbreviated collecting meth-
ods in the records section include SP (=
sweeping) and MT (= Malaise trap).
Trichogramma maori Pinto and
Oatman, NEw SPECIES
(Figs. 3, 5-8, 16)
Diagnosis. Trichogramma maori resem-
bles the other two species described here as
well as several other, primarily North
American, species as follows: dorsal lamina
of male genital capsule with posterior ex-
tension enlarged, concealing parameres and
volsellae in dorsal view; parameres ventro-
medial to volsellae; volsellae strongly
curved; dorsal ridge well developed. It is
separated from these species by its broad
forewings (ca. 0.4 mm wide), the very short
fringe setae on the forewings (length <0.10
maximum wing width), the spiniform, bifid
intervolsellar process, and the broad and
apically subrhomboidal aedeagus (see Fig.
6).
Figs. 1-2. Male antenna, Trichogramma valenti-
Description. Based on slide and card-
nei. 1, (230x). 2, Apex of flagellum (lateral view,
mounted material. Quantitative data report-
610x); arrows showing the pronounced separation of
the two placoid sensilla (left arrow at apex of basal ed as means + S.D. or as ranges, taken
placoid sensillum, right arrow at base of apical placoid from 3 males (hind tibial length [HTL] =
sensillum).
0.25 mm) and 3 females (HTL = 0.25(cid:8212)0.26
mm).
Color dark brown except head dusky yel-
low brown above and legs considerably
lighter. Relatively large and robust, length
ne
Ay iy
\H) Y \ (cid:8217) 4Nh \e (cid:8216) ey
oa
a; Peisp e: aan
Figs. 3-4. Forewings. 3, Trichogramma maori, arrow pointing to RS, setal track. 4, T. valentinei.
398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
(from slide-mounted specimens) 0.7(cid:8212)0.8 distinctly broader than PM in ventral view,
mm. strongly curved: curved anteriorly from
Forewing (Fig. 3) very broad, 0.42 + base, then extending posteroventrally with
0.01 mm wide, 0.57 + 0.01 as wide as long, apex attaining ca. 0.7 AD, medial surface
setal tracks distinct, with 50(cid:8212)70 setae be- sparsely hispid, spine of VS directed ven-
tween 4th and 5th tracks; RS, well indicat- trally; IVP bispinose (Fig. 7), attaining ca.
ed, consisting of ca. 6 distinct setae; longest 0.3 AD; ventral processes (VP) not obvi-
fringe setae at posterolateral corner of wing ous, very small, on base of IVP; ventral
very short, their length less than 0.10 max- ridge (VR) distinct, narrow, extending from
imum wing width. Hind wing relatively IVP to ca. 0.5 basal distance (BD); dorsal
broad with anterior and posterior tracks ridge (DR) moderately well developed, ex-
complete, both approaching apex of wing, tending from base to at least middle of GC.
usually with 1(cid:8212)2 setae between middle and Aedeagus unique, apical half subrhomboi-
posterior tracks near middle of wing. An- dal and distinctly curved ventrally (Figs. 6,
terior scutellar setae elongate, 0.6(cid:8212)0.8 8); relatively short but very broad; greatest
length of posterior pair. width ca. 0.8 maximum width of DLA; ae-
Male. Antenna (as in Fig. 1) with flagel- deagus length (AL) = 0.9 GL, 0.71 + 0.03
lum relatively short for body size, ca. 0.18 HTL; apodemes convergent anteriorly, their
mm, 5.1 + 0.03 as long as basal width length at least 0.5 AL (posterior limits not
(FL/BFW), 0.72 + 0.01 as long as hind easily discerned with light microscope).
tibia (FL/HTL), 1.52 + 0.03 length of Female.(cid:8212)Antenna with | BCPS at apex
scape (FL/SL); setae on flagellum relative- of first and second funicular segment; ovi-
ly short, ratio of the length of the longest positor relatively short, ratio of ovipositor
setae to the basal width of the flagellum length to hind tibial length (OL/HTL) =
(FSL/BFW) = 1.77 + 0.17 (1.7(cid:8212)2.0); bas- 0.70 + 0.02.
iconic peg sensilla (BCPS) relatively small, Types: Holotype male. NEW ZEA-
subglobose apically, formula 1-1-1-0-1-1; LAND. Banks Peninsula (MC), Prices Val-
several short, unsocketed setae scattered on ley; x-1980; (cid:8220)Malaise trap, edge of native
ventral surface. bush(cid:8221); R. Macfarlane. Allotype female.
Genital capsule (GC) (Figs. 5(cid:8212)8) rela- Same data as holotype except collected
tively broad with posterior extension of the xi- 1980; both deposited in the New Zealand
dorsal lamina (DLA) broad and elongate, Arthropod Collection (NZAC); Auckland,
concealing intervolsellar process (IVP), New Zealand. Three male and 2 female
volsellae (VS) and parameres (PM) in dor- paratypes (same data as holotype) deposited
sal view; base of VS distinctly lateral to in NZAC and UC Riverside.
PM. Ratio of genital width to length Etymology: Named for the Maori, the
(GW/GL) = 0.46 + 0.02, distinctly nar- native people of New Zealand.
rower in posterior half; ratio of the apical Hosts: This species has been reared from
distance to genital length (AD/GL) = 0.29 eggs of Eutorna sp. (Oecophoridae) and
+ 0.01; length of the dorsal aperature Graphania sp. (Noctuidae).
(DAL) ca. 0.7 GL; DLA arising slightly Geographic distribution. Fig. 16. New
posterior of middle of GC, its length ca. 0.4 Zealand: North and South islands.
GL; posterior extension of DLA distinctly Material examined. 57 males and fe-
constricted at base, sides convergent api- males on slides and on cards or in capsules
cally, posterior margin broadly rounded, ex- (air dried).
tending beyond apex of PM, occupying ca. Records. New Zealand. Auckland (AK);
1.3 AD; PM relatively narrow, convergent (cid:8220)(cid:8220)Eutorna eggs on boysenberry(cid:8221)(cid:8217)(cid:8217); 19 fe-
from base to apical %, then slightly diver- males. Banks Peninsula (Prices Valley)
gent to apex, relatively blunt apically; VS (MC); x-80; MT (cid:8220)edge of native bush(cid:8217)(cid:8217); 7
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 3
Figs. 5(cid:8212)8. Trichogramma maori, male genitalia (posterior end at top). 5, Dorsal view (408x). 6, Ventral view
(460x). 7, Ventral view with 30 deg. tilt showing bispinose nature of the intervolsellar process, and hispid volsellae
(1530x). 8, Lateral view showing ventral curvature of aedeagus (800x). a = aedeagus, d = dorsal lamina, i
intervolsellar process, p = paramere, r = dorsal ridge, t = dorsal aperature, v = volsella, x = base of volsella.
400 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
males, 5 females; R. Macfarlane. Birken- tance, and the narrower aedeagus. This spe-
head (AK); i-81; MT (cid:8220)in second growth cies is very similar to 7. falx, described be-
bush(cid:8217); 2 males; J. Longworth. Bullock low. It is separated by two traits associated
Creek (WD); 1i1-26/i1i-1-93; MT (cid:8216)(cid:8216)edge with the flagellum of the male: the consid-
Nothofagus forest(cid:8221); 1 male; L. LeSage. erably shorter setae, and the size and posi-
Bullock Creek (WD); 11-26-93; SP (cid:8220)(cid:8216)vegtn. tion of the basal linear placoid sensilla.
edge of forest(cid:8217); 5 females; L. LeSage. Also, the mesoscutellar setae are longer in
Cobb Reservoir (NN); x1i-80; MT; 1 male; T. valentinei.
A. Curtis. Kinloch S(tate) Forest), Dart Description.(cid:8212)Based on 4 males and 5
R(iver) (OL); i-81; SP (cid:8220)Nothofagus for., females. Quantitative data taken from 2
broadleaf, grass, P. totara(cid:8217); 1 female; J. males and 2 females (HTL = 0.20 mm for
Noyes/E. Valentine. Kongahu (NN); 1-81; all specimens) and reported as a range un-
MT (cid:8220)nr swamp(cid:8217)(cid:8217); 1 female; J. Jones. Lake less invariant.
Rotoiti (BR); 11-%-78; MT; 2 males, 3 fe- Color brown except head dark yellow
males; S./J. Peck. Makarora West (S of Nat. above; relatively slender, elongate, length
Pk.) (OL); i-18-81; SP Nothofagus forest; 1 (from slide-mounted material) 0.7(cid:8212)0.8 mm.
male, 1 female; J. Noyes/E. Valentine. Lyn- Forewing (Fig. 4) relatively slender,
field (AK); xii-80; 1 male; G. Kuschel. Pi- 0.30(cid:8212)0.31 mm wide, 0.45(cid:8212)0.48 as wide as
geon Hill (WD); i1-24-93; (cid:8220)beating broad- long, with 32(cid:8212)45 setae between 4th and 5th
leafed podocarp forest(cid:8217); 1 female; L. tracks; RS, usually absent; longest fringe
LeSage. Pleasant Flat (WD); 111-6-93; SP setae at posterolateral corner of wing mod-
(cid:8216)(cid:8220)(cid:8220)weeds & trees on rd(cid:8217)(cid:8221)(cid:8217); | male; L. LeSage. erately long, their length 0.18(cid:8212)0.19 maxi-
Roaring Meg (CO); 1-13-81; SP (cid:8220)tussock mum wing width. Hind wing with anterior
grasses, Discaria, Rosa, Juncus, Pimela(cid:8217)(cid:8217); and posterior tracks short, each consisting
1 male; J. Noyes/E. Valentine. Te Puke of 4(cid:8212)5 setae which do not extend beyond
(BP); x1-7-87; ex. Graphania eggs; | male, half the distance from hamuli to wing apex.
2 females; P. Stevens. Wainui Inlet (NN); Anterior scutellar setae moderately long,
ii-23-93; SP fils. Daucus carotta; 1 female; 0.4(cid:8212)0.5 length of posterior pair.
L. LeSage. Male.(cid:8212)Antenna (Fig. 1) with flagellum
Notes: Several of the records above are straight, relatively short and robust, ca. 0.16
based on females only. Although it is not mm long, 5.0(cid:8212)5.1 as long as wide, 0.79(cid:8212)
possible to determine most species of 0.81 as long as hind tibia, 1.7(cid:8212)1.8 scape
Trichogramma with females, those of T. length; flagellar setae short, robust, tapering
maori can be distinguished by the combi- abruptly at apex; FSL/BFW = 1.4-1.5;
nation of color, body size, fore and hind- BCPS short, digitiform, formula 1-0-0-0-
wing features and the length of the meso- 1-1; without unsocketed setae on ventral
scutellar setae. surface. Basal-most placoid sensillum rela-
tively short, length ca. 1.2 BFW, its apical
Trichogramma valentinei Pinto and
third extending above antennal surface,
Oatman, NEW SPECIES broadly separated from apical placoid sen-
(Figs. 1, 2, 4, 9-11, 17)
sillum on same (lateral) surface by a dis-
Diagnosis.(cid:8212)Distinguished from T. mao- tance equal to ca. % its own length (Fig. 2).
ri by its considerably narrower forewings, Genital capsule (Figs. 9, 10) with DLA
the absence of the RS, setal track of the broad and elongate, concealing IVP, VS,
forewing in most specimens, its more and PM in dorsal view; insertion of VS dis-
strongly curved parameres and volsellae, tinctly lateral to PM. GW/GL = 0.42-0.46;
the much narrower, subfiliform volsellae, apical distance very large, AD/GL = 0.44(cid:8212)
the larger and somewhat clavate intervol- 0.47; DAL = 0.70 GL; DLA arising in pos-
sellar process, the much greater apical dis- terior half of GC, its length ca. 0.4 GL; pos-
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 3 401
Figs. 9-11. Trichogramma valentinei, male genitalia (posterior end at top). 9, Dorsal view (630x). 10, Ventral
view (570x). 11, Detail of left volsella showing hispid medial surface (4200x). i = intervolsellar process, p =
paramere, r = dorsal ridge, v = volsella, x = base of volsella.
terior extension of DLA strongly constricted ily seen with light microscope); DR very
at base, extending beyond PM, occupying well developed, apparently extending entire
1.1 AD; PM produced medially at base, BD, bifurcating just anterior to intervolsel-
then abruptly curving posteriorly, width in- lar bridge area with an arm extending an-
creasing to middle from base, gradually ta- terolaterally to base of each VS (Fig. 9).
pering to apex; VS extremely elongate, nar- Aedeagus relatively short, its length 0.56(cid:8212)
row, subfiliform and curved, scythe shaped, 0.57 HTL and 0.73(cid:8212)0.76 GL; moderately
attaining 0.9 AD, narrower than PM broad, ca. 0.5 maximum width of posterior
throughout entire length, curving strongly extension of DLA, subconical apically, ta-
anteriorly from base, then broadly arcing pering noticably to a distinct point; apode-
posteriorly with at least medial surface his- mes comprising ca. 0.4 AL.
pid (Fig. 11), spine not distinct; the two VS Female.(cid:8212)Antenna with funicular seg-
converging at middle and diverging strong- ments subquadrate; BCPS at apex of Fl,
ly apically; IVP inserted considerably an- absent from F2. Ovipositor 0.69(cid:8212)0.75 HTL.
terior to base of PM and VS, sticklike in Types: Holotype male. NEW ZEA-
shape, subclavate, occupying ca. 0.4 AD; LAND. Cobb Ridge (Sth) (NN), 1100 m;
VP small, slightly protuberant, positioned xii-3-1980; (cid:8220)(cid:8216)native tussock grassland(cid:8217)(cid:8217); J.
near apex of IVP (Figs. 10, 11); VR poorly Noyes/E. Valentine/A. Walker. Allotype fe-
developed, occupying ca. 0.3 BD (not eas- male. Data as for holotype. Types deposited
402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
in NZAC. Three male and 2 female para- anterior and posterior tracks. Male. Anten-
types with same data as holotype in NZAC na: FL/BFW = 5.02 + 0.26; FL/SL = 1.73
and UC Riverside. + 0.08; FL/HTL = 0.93 + 0.01. Genital
Etymology: Named after the New Zea- capsule: GW/GL = 0.47 + 0.04; AD/GL =
land entomologist, Dr. E. W. Valentine. 0.47 = 0.03; DLA occupying 1.1 AD; VS
Variation: A short RS, setal track, con- and IVP attaining ca. 0.9 and 0.4 AD, re-
sisting of 3 setae, is present in one speci- spectively. Aedeagus length 0.61 + 0.02
men from the type locality. HTL, 0.80 GL. Female. Ovipositor length
Geographic distribution. Fig. 17. New 0.85 HTL.
Zealand: known from a single locale on Types: Holotype male. NEW ZEA-
South Island. LAND. St. Arnaud (BR), 600 m; x1i-9-
Material examined: 10 males and fe- 1980; (cid:8220)native grassland/sphagnum bog(cid:8221)(cid:8217); J.
males on slides and on cards (air dried). Noyes/E. Valentine/A. Walker; deposited in
Records: New Zealand. Cobb Ridge NZAC. Three male paratypes, same data as
(NN) (see type information); 5 males, 5 fe- type, deposited in NZAC and UC River-
males. side.
Etymology: Falx: Latin for sickle; in ref-
Trichogramma falx Pinto and Oatman,
erence to the shape of the volsellae in this
NEw SPECIES
species.
(Fig. 17)
Geographic distribution: Fig. 17. New
Diagnosis.(cid:8212)This species is very closely Zealand: South Island.
related to Trichogramma valentinei. It is Material examined: Six males and fe-
separated by differences in male antennal males, all on slides.
features, and length of the mesoscutellar se- Records: New Zealand. Cromwell
tae (see below). Beetle Res., Cemetary Rd (CO); xi-17-77;
Description.(cid:8212)Based on 5 males and 1 (cid:8220)(cid:8216)litter(cid:8217)(cid:8217); 1 male, 1 female; J. Watt. St. Ar-
female. Quantitative data taken from 3 naud (BR), see type information; 4 males.
males (HTL = 0.15(cid:8212)0.17 mm) and 1 female Notes: The absence of the RS, setal track
(HTL = 0.17 mm), and represented by is unique to 7. valentinei and T. falx. The
means + S.D. or ranges. presence of this line of setae is one of the
As in T. valentinei except as follows: An- characters commonly used to distinguish
terior mesoscutellar setae shorter, minute, Trichogramma from Trichogrammatoidea
no more than 0.1 the length of posterior (Pinto and Stouthamer 1994). It(cid:8217)s absence
pair. Male. Antenna with flagellum with in these species is almost certainly a rever-
longer, less robust setae, FSL/BFW = 2.38 sal considering the presence of all other
+ 0.2 (2.2(cid:8212)2.6); basal placoid sensillum wing and genitalic features defining Trich-
longer, its length ca. 1.6 BFW, with, at ogramma, intraspecific variation of this trait
most, apical '/, of sensillum extending in T. valentinei, as well as the derived na-
above antennal surface, its apex attaining ture of the genitalia in both species. The
base of apical placoid sensillum on same antennal differences separating 7. falx from
(lateral) surface; with a few short unsock- T. valentinei are consistent with species dif-
eted setae on ventral surface of basal half ferences separating other closely related
of flagellum. Trichogramma, such as T. minutum and T.
Other descriptive features as follows: exiguum in North America (Pinto et al.
Color brown; body length ca. 0.6 mm. 1983).
Forewing relatively narrow, 0.23(cid:8212)0.26 mm
wide, FWW/FWL = 0.45 = 0.01, with 24(cid:8212) DISCUSSION
26 setae between 4th and 5th tracks. RS, The three new Trichogramma appear to
absent. Hind wing with 1(cid:8212)6 setae in both represent a monophyletic assemblage of
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 3
Figs. 12-15. Trichogramma genitalia (posterior end at top). 12-13, North American T. sp. a of Drepano-
phorum Group: 12, Dorsal (770x). 13, Ventral (700x). 14-15. T. semblidis: 14, Dorsal (700x). 15, Ventral (640x).
p = paramere, v = volsella, x = base of volsella.
404 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Figs. 16-17. Distribution of Trichogramma spp. in New Zealand. 16, T. maori. 17, T. valentinei (triangle);
T. falx (dots).
species. Their closest ties are to the Dre- process as in T. maori (Fig. 7) also occurs
panophorum Group of North America to in 7. sp. b of the Drepanophorum Group.
which they are tentatively assigned. This The limits of the Drepanophorum Group
group includes 7. drepanophorum, de- are currently being investigated as part of a
scribed by Pinto & Oatman (1985), and at revision of North American Trichogramma
least two undescribed species (= T. sp. a, (Pinto, in prep.), and several additional
T. sp. b). All occur in the eastern United forms possessing one or more of its defin-
States; the male genitalia of 7. sp. a are ing features may ultimately be assigned.
shown in Figs. 12, 13. This species group The geographic distance of North American
is characterized by the following derived members of the group from those in New
traits: 1) posterior extension of the dorsal Zealand may be an artifact of sampling con-
lamina greatly enlarged and concealing par- sidering the virtual absence of collections
ameres and volsellae dorsally; 2) floor of from South America especially in the
dorsal aperture with a well-defined dorsal southern, temperate regions of the conti-
ridge, 3) base of parameres medial to that nent.
of volsellae, 4) volsellae strongly curved. The monophyly of the New Zealand spe-
The plesiomorphic condition for these fea- cies is not immediately obvious. In fact T.
tures, found in most Trichogramma, can be maori is not noticeably more similar to its
illustrated by the Holarctic species T. sem- New Zealand congeners than to the North
blidis (Figs 14, 15) where the posterior ex- American T. sp. a. The phenetic distance is
tension is considerably narrower and lin- roughly similar in both directions. The
guiform, the dorsal ridge is absent, the par- structure of the volsellae, however, suggests
ameres are lateral to the volsellae, and the that the three New Zealand species do rep-
volsellae are straight or only slightly resent a monophyletic assemblage. In all
curved. Interestingly, a bifid intervolsellar three species the volsellae curve anteriorly
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 3 405
from their base and the medial surface is tunately, the latter are represented by lim-
hispid. These traits are not known to occur ited material that cannot adequately be de-
in any other species of Trichogramma. scribed at this time. Included here are two
The three species described here are the specimens of a wingless form taken on
only known New Zealand representatives of Auckland Island at 150°, 32(cid:8217) S latitude, a
the speciose subgenus Trichogramma. A\|- collection representing the southernmost
though four species of this cosmopolitan record for the genus.
group were introduced to the country from
other parts of the world for biological con- KEY TO THE NEW ZEALAND SPECIES OF THE
trol, these apparently have not become es- DREPANOPHORUM GROUP OF TRICHOGRAMMA
tablished (Cameron and Allan 1989), and
1. Male genitalia as in Figs. 5, 6 with intervol-
none occurred in the collection examined sellar process (IVP) spinelike; IVP originating
for this study. The neighboring Australian at approximately same level as parameres.
Trichogramma fauna is represented by sev- Forewing (Fig. 3) broad, with a distinct RS,
setal track and a short setal fringe, length of
eral species of the nominate subgenus as
longest setae in fringe less than 0.1 maximum
well as three species of the subgenus 77i-
wine slenpthy, ees sae: oe see nea Ane T. maori
chogrammanza (Oatman and Pinto 1987). 1(cid:8217). Male genitalia as in Figs. 9, 10, with inter-
Australian representatives of the former volsellar process (IVP) subclavate; IVP origi-
group reflect Asian affinities however (Pin- nating distinctly anterior to parameres. Fore-
wing (Fig. 4) much narrower, usually without
to and Stouthamer 1994) and none has yet
a distinct RS, setal track and with a much lon-
been recorded from New Zealand. The Dre-
ger setal fringe, length of longest setae in
panophorum Group is not known to occur fringe 0.15(cid:8212)0.20 maximum wing length ..... 2;
in Australia. Trichogrammanza, on the oth- 2. Male flagellum (Fig. 1) with setae short and
er hand, is restricted to Australia and New robust, the length of longest setae ca. 1.5 basal
width of flagellum; lateral surface with basal-
Zealand, and the same or very similar spe-
most placoid sensillum widely separated from
cies occur in both countries. Thus, the
apical placoid sensillum (Fig. 2) .. . T. valentinei
known Trichogramma of New Zealand in- 2'. Male flagellum with longer, more slender se-
clude only four named species: T. maori, T. tae, the length of longest setae at least twice
valentinei, T. falx, and T. (Trichogramman- the basal width of flagellum; lateral surface
with basal-most placoid sensillum attaining
za) funiculatum. The nominate species are
base of apical placoid sensillum ....... T. falx
related to a New World element; the Tri-
chogrammanza are closely tied to Australia.
It should be mentioned that Noyes and ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Valentine (1989) estimated at least 15 un-
We thank Gary Platner for his consider-
determined species of New Zealand Trich-
able technical assistance, and Jocelyn Berry
ogramma in addition to T. funiculatum.
of NZAC for sending the New Zealand col-
This estimate was based on a collection of
lection of Trichogramma and helping us to
card mounted specimens that we also ex-
find certain obscure localities.
amined for this study. Separation of Trich-
ogramma to species is virtually impossible LITERATURE CITED
unless specimens are mounted on slides,
Cameron, P. J. and D. J. Allan. 1989. Noctuidae, noc-
and Noyes and Valentine appear to have
tuid moths (Lepidoptera). In Cameron, P. J., R. L.
overestimated the diversity of their collec-
Hill, J. Bain and W. P. Thomas, eds., A review of
tion. This material includes no more than biological control of invertebrate pests and weeds
eight species: the three described above, in New Zealand 1874 to 1987, Chap. 21, pp. 115-
one or, at most, two very similar Tricho- 160. CAB International Institute of Biological
Control, Technical Communication No. 10.
grammanza (including T. funiculatum), and
Crosby, T. K., J. S. Dugdale and J. C. Watt. 1976.
two or three additional new species closely
Recording specimen localities in New Zealand: an
related to T. valentinei and T. falx. Unfor- arbitrary system of areas and codes defined. New