Dermatologic botany

418 Pages·2000·4.778 MB·English

by  Javier Avalos, Howard I Maibach

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dermatologic botany / edited by Javier Avalos and Howard I. Maibach
p. ; cm. -- (CRC series in dermatology)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-7361-1 (alk. paper)
1. Contact dermatitis. 2. Poisonous plants. 3. Dermatitis. I. Avalos, Javier. II. Maibach,
Howard I. III. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Dermatitis--etiology. 2. Plants--adverse effects. 3. Plants, Toxic--adverse
effects. WR 160 D435 1999]
RL244 .D476 1999
616.5′1--dc21
99-046442
CIP
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© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
Series Preface
Our goal in creating the Dermatology: Clinical & Basic Science series is to present the insights of
experts on emerging applied and experimental techniques and theoretical concepts that are, or will
be, at the vanguard of dermatology. Books will cover new and exciting multidisciplinary areas of
cutaneous research. We want these to be the books every physician will use in order to get acquainted
with new methodologies in skin research. These books can be given to graduate students and
postdoctoral fellows when they are looking for guidance to start a new line of research.
The series will consist of books that will be edited by an expert and will consist of chapters
written by the leaders in a particular field. Books will be richly illustrated and contain comprehensive
bibliographies. Each chapter will provide substantial background material relevant to the particular
subject. These books will contain detailed “tricks of the trade” and information as to where the
methods presented can be safely applied. In addition, information on where to buy equipment and
web sites that will be helpful in solving both practical and theoretical problems will be included.
We are working with these goals in mind and hope that as the books become available, the
effort put in by the publisher, the book editors, and individual authors will contribute to the further
development of dermatology research and clinical practice. The extent to which we achieve this
goal will be determined by the utility of these books.
Howard I. Maibach, M.D.
Series Editor
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
Preface
Plants and plant products are widespread in offices and homes and are part of many cosmetics,
toiletries, and medications. They are an integral part of our lives that provide us with such essential
items as oxygen, food, and vitamins. However, plants have evolved elaborate defensive mechanisms
to combat and compete with other plants and predators including man. These defensive mechanisms
range from physical barriers or processes to a diverse and abundant array of secondary chemical
compounds. The combination of the secondary chemical compounds and specialized anatomical
appendages (i.e. thorns and trichomes), with the widespread exposure to plants, is responsible for
the many dermatologic conditions reported in clinics, hospitals, and literature reports.
In order to address the many topics and issues associated with dermal reactions caused by
plants, Dermatologic Botany will be delivered in a series of volumes. The series will provide
practical and vital information for every health practitioner. The intent of the series is to describe
the etiology of adverse reactions to plants and delineate methodologies employed in diagnosis of
plant dermatitis. Dermatologists, general practitioners, physicians, nurses, and pharmacists will
also find of value the analysis on mechanical injury and phytophotodermatoses. Additionally, health
professionals will enjoy and appreciate the chapters describing clinical and botanical investigations.
These topics include phytochemical procedures, patch testing methodologies, practical aspects of
patch testing, and difficulties in investigating dermatitis from plants.
The rest of the series will focus on plant families responsible for dermatologic reactions and
occupational exposures. Health professionals as well as botanists, toxicologists, and chemists will
enjoy the comprehensive reviews for each plant family. General descriptions will include the
location, number of genera, and characteristics of each plant family. Additionally, the most current
dermatologic information will be included for all known species of the genera. Furthermore, each
chapter will attempt to identify the causative agents for the dermatologic condition.
The collaboration of a large number of distinguished authors was needed to ensure that the
series is extensive and complete. The authors were selected for their depth of knowledge and
reputation in their subject areas. The contents of the series will be updated regularly in order to
incorporate emerging methodologies and data identifying new causative agents or plants into the
series. It is hoped that the series will be a useful reference for medical, phytochemical, and botanical
audiences interested in phytodermatotoxicology.
Javier Avalos
Howard I. Maibach
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
The Editors
Javier Avalos, Ph.D., is a Research Leader in Toxicology in the Product Development Group at
the Andrew Jergens Company. Prior to joining the Andrew Jergens Company, he was a regulatory
toxicologist with the Division of Dermatologic and Dental Drug Products, Food and Drug Admin-
istration (FDA). Dr. Avalos received his B.S. in biochemistry and Spanish from the University of
California at Davis in 1987 and his Ph.D. in environmental toxicology from the University of
California at Irvine in 1993. He did post-doctoral research in dermatotoxicology with Dr. Howard
Maibach at the University of California at San Francisco.
Dr. Avalos’ scientific career has been focused on the unwarranted effects of chemical agents
on the human skin. He has been actively involved in the isolation and identification of naturally
occurring dermatotoxins. As a regulatory toxicologist, he was charged with interpreting and assess-
ing the safety of various classes of drug products based on toxicology, pharmacology, and phar-
macokinetic data. More recently, he has been involved in evaluating the safety of ingredients to be
used in the development of new consumer products. Dr. Avalos is a member of the Society of
Toxicology, the American Society for Photobiology, and the American College of Toxicology.
Howard I. Maibach, M.D., is Professor of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of
California, San Francisco. Dr. Maibach graduated from Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (A.B.
and M.D.), and received his research and clinical training at the University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia. He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Paris Sud in 1988.
He has long had a laboratory and clinical interest in the effects of chemicals — including
moisturizers — on normal and abnormal skin.
Mr. Maibach is a member of the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group, the North
American Contact Dermatitis Group, and the European Environmental Contact Dermatitis Group.
He is the author, co-author, and/or editor of 1600 publications and 60 volumes.
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
Contributors
Klaus E. Andersen, M.D. Lars P. Christensen, Ph.D.
Odense University Hospital Danish Institute of Agriculture and Sciences
Odense, Denmark Department of Fruit, Vegetable, and Food
Science
Manuel Aregullin, Ph.D. Arslev, Denmark
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York Ai-Lean Chew, M.D.
Department of Dermatology
Javier Avalos, Ph.D. University of California
Andrew Jergens Company San Francisco, California
Cincinnati, Ohio
Geoffrey Cordell, Ph.D.
Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Harold Baer, Ph.D.
Pharmacognosy
Food and Drug Administration (retired)
College of Pharmacy
Bethesda, MD
Chicago, Illinois
John Beaman, M.D.
Felix Cordoba Alva, Ph.D.
Botanical Taxonomist
Universidad de Mexico
Michigan State University
Instituto Tecnologico de Oaxaca
East Lansing, MI
Oaxaca, Mexico
J. Del Valle Cantu, M.D.
Oluwatoyin A. Binutu, Ph.D.
Centro de Investigacion Biomedica del Noreste,
Department of Pharmacognosy
IMSS
College of Medicine
Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
University of Ibadan, Nigeria
George Ducombs, M.D.
Heimo Breiteneder, Ph.D.
Bordeaux, France
Department of General and Experimental
Pathology Jere D. Guin, M.D.
University of Vienna Professor Emeritus of Dermatology
Vienna, Austria University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Little Rock, Arkansas
C. Calzado Flores, Ph.D.
Centro de Investigacion Biomedica del Noreste, Matti Hannuksela, M.D., Ph.D.
IMSS South Karelia Central Hospital
Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico Lappeenranta, Finland
Jose G. Camarasa, M.D., Ph.D. Bjoern M. Hausen, M.D.
Dermatology Department Dermatology Center
Hospital del Mar General Hospital
Barcelona, Spain Buxtehude, Germany
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
Michael Heinrich, Ph.D. Eduardo Perez Campos, M.D.
Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology Oaxaca, Mexico
Albert Ludwig University
Freiburg, Germany Dr. Luisa Pistelli, Ph.D.
Dipartimento di Chimico Bioorganica
Kell Kristiansen, Ph.D. Universita di Pisa
Department of Ornamentals Pisa, Italy
Danish Institute of Plant and Soil Sciences
Arslev, Denmark Marius Rademaker, D.M., M.R.C.P.
Waikato Hospital
Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin, Ph.D.
Department of Dermatology
Laboratoire de Dermatochimie
Hamilton, New Zealand
Universite Louis Pasteur
Strasbourg, France
Mario Robles, Ph.D.
Learning and Academic Resource Center
Chris Lovell, M.D.
Division of Undergraduate Education
Dermatology Department
University of California
Royal United Hospital
Irvine, California
Bath, England
Eloy Rodriguez, Ph.D.
Howard I. Maibach, M.D.
L.H. Baily Hortorium
Department of Dermatology
Cornell University
University of California
Ithaca, New York
San Francisco, California
Otto Scheiner, Ph.D.
Patricia Magana, Ph.D.
Department of General and Experimental
Tlalpan, Mexico
Pathology
University of Vienna
John C. Mitchell, Ph.D.
Vienna, Austria
University of British Columbia
Canada
J. Juan Segura, M.D., Ph.D.
Aila Niinimaki, M.D. Centro de Investigacion Biomedica del Noreste,
IMSS
Department of Dermatology
Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
University Hospital
Oulu, Finland
Jun Wen, Ph.D.
Scott Norton, M.D. Department of Biology
Colorado State University
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
Fort Collins, Colorado
Washington, D.C.
Jan West, Ph.D.
Marian Ørgaard, Ph.D.
Minority Science Program
Botanical Section
University of California
Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University
Irvine, CA
Frederiksborg C, Denmark
Hongbo Zhai, M.D.
Evy Paulsen, M.D.
Department of Dermatology
Department of Dermatology
University of California
Odense University Hospital
San Francisco, California
Odense, Denmark
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Introduction
Javier Avalos and Howard I. Maibach
Chapter 2
Botanical Heritage of Dermatology
Scott A. Norton
SECTION I PHYTODERMATOSES
Chapter 3
Etiology of Adverse Reactions to Plants
Georges Ducombs
Chapter 4
Diagnosis and Patch Testing of Plant Dermatitis
John C. Mitchell and Howard I. Maibach
Chapter 5
Prevention of Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Plants
Hongbo Zhai and Howard I. Maibach
Chapter 6
Phytophotodermatoses
Christopher Roland Lovell
SECTION II CLINICAL AND BOTANICAL INVESTIGATIONS
Chapter 7
Phytochemical Procedures
Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin
Chapter 8
Botanical Photoallergy
Ai-Lean Chew and Howard I. Maibach
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
SECTION III PLANT FAMILIES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MAJORITY
OF DERMATOLOGIC REACTIONS
Chapter 9
Toxic Anacardiaceae
Jere D. Guin, John H. Beaman, and Harold Baer
Chapter 10
Araliaceae
Bjoern M. Hausen
Chapter 11
Asteraceae
Mario Robles, Jan West, Eloy Rodriguez, and Michael Heinrich
Chapter 12
The Pollen Allergens of the Betulaceae
Heimo Breiteneder, Jun Wen, and Otto Scheiner
Chapter 13
Hydrophyllaceae
Manuel Aregullin and Eloy Rodriguez
Chapter 14
Primulaceae
Lars P. Christensen
Chapter 15
Urticaceae
Javier Avalos
SECTION IV OTHER PLANT FAMILIES
Chapter 16
Agavaceae
J. Juan Segura, C. Calzado Flores, and J. Del Valle Cantu
Chapter 17
Algae
Jose G. Camarasa
Chapter 18
Alstroemeriaceae
Lars P. Christensen, Kell Kristiansen, and Marian Ø´ rgaard
Chapter 19
Aristolochiaceae
Luisa Pistelli
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
Chapter 20
Bignoniaceae
Oluwatoyin A. Binutu and Geoffrey A. Cordell
Chapter 21
Bromeliaceae
Félix Cordoba Alva, Eduardo Pérez-Campos, and Patricia Magaña
Chapter 22
Lichens
Marius Rademaker
Chapter 23
Verbenaceae
Evy Paulsen and Klaus E. Andersen
SECTION V SPECIAL TOPICS
Chapter 24
Allergic Hardwoods
Bjoern M. Hausen
Chapter 25
Toxicodendron of the Southern Pacific
Marius Rademaker
Chapter 26
Spices
Matti Hannuksela and Aila Niinimaki
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC
1 Introduction
Javier Avalos and Howard I. Maibach
CONTENTS
1.1Plants
1.2Beneficial Uses of Plants
1.2.1Herbal Remedies
1.2.2New Pharmaceuticals
1.2.3Cosmetic Products
1.3Adverse Occurrences
1.3.1Contact Urticaria
1.3.2Phytophotodermatitis
1.3.3Irritant Contact Dermatitis
1.3.4Allergic Contact Dermititis
1.4Identification of Active Components
1.5Summary
1.6References
1.1 PLANTS
The plant kingdom is a critical component to man’s existence. Plants provide the basic energy
source to sustain life on this planet. Many researchers have devoted their lives to understand better
every aspect of the plant. Their efforts are evident in the thousands of literature reports that have
been published emphasizing the nutritional, medicinal, and detrimental properties of plants. Over
the years, man has adapted to its plant world and the plant in turn has been forced to evolve with
man. As a result, plants have developed intricate metabolic pathways that can generate unique and
biologically active natural products.
The focus of this book is to describe the biological activity of plants, some of their beneficial
uses, and most importantly, understand the types of adverse reactions associated with plant contact
in order to prevent re-exposure. The second chapter of this book accentuates the beneficial properties
of plants. The first section of the book describes the etiology of adverse reaction to plants and
discusses preventive methods of plant dermatitis. Clinical and botanical investigations are depicted
in the second section of the book. The major emphasis of this book, sections 3, 4, and 5, is on the
adverse properties reported with several plant families.
1.2 BENEFICIAL USES OF PLANTS
Many cultures around the world have relied on the beneficial properties of plants to treat many
diseases. Even today, the practice of preparing a botanical concoction by herbalists and indigenous
healers as well as novices worldwide for the prevention and treatment of many diseases still exists.
© 2000 by CRC Press LLC