Deployment of rare earth materials in microware devices, RF transmitters, and laser systems

199 Pages·2019·8.459 MB·English

by  Jha, A. R

Deployment of Rare
Earth Materials in
Microware Devices,
RF Transmitters, and
Laser Systems

Deployment of Rare
Earth Materials in
Microware Devices,
RF Transmitters, and
Laser Systems
A. R. Jha
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Contents
Foreword xiii
Author xvii
ChApter 1 properties And AppliCAtions oF rAre
eArth oxides, Alloys, And Compounds 1
1.0 Introduction 1
1.0.1 Mining and Processing of Rare Earth Materials 1
1.0.2 Mining and Processing of Rare Earth Oxides 2
1.0.3 Rare Earth Oxides 3
1.0.4 Estimated Worldwide Production of Rare
Earth Oxides from 1950 to 2000 4
1.0.5 Applications of Various Rare Earth Oxides 5
Example of Dysprosium Oxides Applications 5
1.0.6 Various Application of Rare Earth Isotopes 6
1.0.6.1 The Dysprosium Element and Its
Isotopes 6
1.0.6.2 Neodymium Element and Its Isotopes 6
1.0.7 Rare Earth Alloys 8
1.0.8 Rare Earth Elements 8
1.1 Rare Earth Compounds and Their Applications 9
1.1.1 Rare Earth Alloys for High Temperature,
High Strength Permanent Magnets 11
1.1.2 Applications of Rare Earth Materials 12
1.1.3 Critical Primary Applications of Rare Earth
Elements 13
1.1.3.1 Applications of Neodymium Rare
Earth Metal 13
1.1.3.2 Applications of Samarium Rare
Earth Metal 14
vii
viii Contents
1.1.4 Properties and Applications of Cerium
Material (Ce) 15
1.1.5 Applications and Properties of Rare Earth
Metal Niobium (Nb) 17
1.1.6 Applications and Properties of Rare Earth
Element Yttrium (Y) 17
1.1.7 Properties and Applications of Rare Earth
Element Ytterbium (Yb) 18
1.1.8 Properties and Applications of Thorium
Element (Th) 19
1.1.9 Properties and Applications of
Gadolinium (Gd) 21
1.1.10 Characteristics of Isotopes of Gadolinium 22
1.1.10.1 Properties of Terbium (Tb) 23
1.1.10.2 Thorium (Th) 23
1.2 Summary 24
Bibliography 26
ChApter 2 deployment oF rAre eArth mAteriAl
in the reACtor For eleCtriCAl power
GenerAtion 27
2.0 Introduction 27
2.1 Kinetic Energy of Thermal Neutrons 30
2.2 Neutron Reactions and Their Production in the
Nuclear Reactor 31
2.3 Critical Properties of Rare Earth Elements and
Emitters Produced during the Fission 31
2.4 Description of the Critical Elements of a Nuclear
Reactor 32
2.4.1 Operational Requirements for Nuclear
Reactor Materials 34
2.4.2 Materials for Nuclear Fuel, Moderator,
Reflector, and Thermal Shield 35
2.5 Fission Products Produced in the Reactor and Their
Properties 36
2.6 Critical Operational Status of Nuclear Reactor 37
2.7 Nuclear Reactor Operation Using Various Fuels,
Moderators, and Coolants 37
2.8 Radioactivity of Fission Fragments in the Reactor 38
2.9 Estimate of Rate of Beta and Gamma Energy
Release by Fission Products after the Reactor
Shut-Down 39
2.10 Most Serious Maintenance Problems Observed in
Reactors around the World 43
2.11 Summary 47
References 49
Contents ix
ChApter 3 rAre eArth mAteriAls Best suited For
rF And eo deviCes And systems 51
3.0 Introduction 51
3.0.1 Rare Earth Doping Materials 51
3.0.2 Trivalent Rare Earth Dopant Materials 52
3.0.3 Properties and Applications of Potential
Rare Earth Elements 55
3.0.4 Rare Earth Oxides and Alloys, and Their
Commercial, Industrial, and Other
Applications 55
3.0.4.1 Rare Earth Oxides 55
3.0.4.2 Rare Earth Alloys for Permanent
Magnets 60
3.1 EO Systems and Devices 62
3.1.1 Laser Classifications 62
3.1.2 Diode-Pumped and Flash-Pumped Solid
State Lasers Operating in the Lower
IR Region 62
3.1.3 Nd:YAG Laser for Space Communication 63
3.1.3.1 Performance Parameters of Space
Communication Nd:YAG Laser 63
3.1.3.2 Coherent, Solid State Laser,
Using InGaAsP/InP Diodes 64
3.1.3.3 IR Solid State Laser Using Dual
and Triple Doped Rare Earth
Crystals 64
3.1.3.4 Rare Earth Crystals for
Mini-Lasers 64
3.2 Rare Earth Elements for IR Detectors and
Photovoltaic Detectors 65
3.2.1 Photovoltaic Cells 65
3.3 RF and IR Detectors 66
3.3.1 Superconducting Detectors Operating over
Wide Spectral Rages 67
3.3.2 Infrared Focal Planar Arrays 67
3.3.3 Electro-Optical Devices 68
3.3.3.1 EO Modulator 68
3.3.3.2 Fiber Optic Amplifier and Its
Applications 69
3.3.4 Alternate Ways to Boost the Amplifier
Bandwidth 72
3.3.5 Performance Capabilities of Raman
Amplifiers 73
3.3.5.1 Impact of Gain Ripple on Optical
Link Performance 73
3.3.5.2 EDFAs Operating in L− and
C-Bands 74