國立中興大學農藝學系Department of Agronomy National Chung Hsing University 碩士學位論文

120 Pages·2015·9.71 MB·English

國立中興大學農藝學系
Department of Agronomy
National Chung Hsing University
碩士學位論文
Master Thesis

高爾夫球場草坪除草劑減量施用效果評估及伏速隆之
土壤環境流向分析
Evaluation of the effect of herbicide application at
reduced rate in golf turf and the fate analysis of
flazasulfuron in soil environment

指導教授：王慶裕博士(Dr. Ching-Yuh Wang)
研究生：蔡耀賢 (Yao-Hsien Tsai)

中華民國一百零三年一月
Jan, 2014

摘要
本研究針對高爾夫球場草坪除草劑種類進行篩選及評估其減量
施用效果，利用不同除草劑及濃度，調查草坪草本草之藥害以及草坪
雜草控制藥效，以進一步評估減量施用效果。於 2012 年 2、4、6、8
及 10 月分別針對 (百慕達草(bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon (L.)
Pers.)與馬尼拉芝(Manila grass (Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.))草坪草施用
伏速隆(flazasulfuron)、合速隆(halosulfuron)、百速隆(pyrazosulfuron)、
快克草(quinclorac)及水田推薦用藥本達隆(bentazon)，以比較減量施用
藥劑之效果，處理濃度分別是推薦用量全量(100%)、67%、50%以及
不處理做為對照組。百慕達草只有在較低溫季節，可能出現了些微傷
害及黃化，但不足以影響本草生長與品質。馬尼拉芝則在各季節皆未
出現明顯的藥害及黃化。此外，五種除草劑對草坪雜草皆能有效控制，
處理後三週雜草傷害，會隨著光照與溫度的增加，雜草控制效果明顯
上升。在減量施用效果上，發現大多數除草劑於減量至 67%用量下與
全量(100%)施用效果相同，已能有效控制雜草，結果顯示以伏速隆最
具減量施用的潛力。
本研究分析伏速隆施用於球場後之流向，結果顯示伏速隆經噴施
後大部分會附於草坪本草，而少部分則會進入土壤層。高爾夫球場約
2-3 天進行草坪割刈，而伏速隆經植株葉片吸收後會累積於葉片中，
頻繁的割草可能減少伏速隆殘留於百慕達草植株內。在伏速隆處理後
i
已無法偵測出伏速隆。高爾夫球場在 4 月由於降雨頻繁伏速隆殘
留十分微量，僅在施藥後 3 天於 10-20 cm 土壤層發現約有 0.23 ppm
伏速隆的殘留，9 月在 0-10 cm 及 10-20 cm 的土壤層皆有偵測到伏速
隆的殘留，且有 0-10 cm 土層向 10-20 cm 土層轉移累積的現象。溫室
的土壤管柱試驗均為粘質壤土對於伏速隆的吸附性相對較強，但亦有
部分會隨水分移動而進入 10-20 cm 土層。伏速隆為推薦用量相對較
少之除草劑，由於球場水池水量相當大，以及排水管道為流動的水，
故稀釋作用下水中伏速隆的含量低於偵測極限。本研究另針對伏速隆
之化學水解、微生物降解及光降解進行分析，其中以化學水解的影響
最大。
ii
Abstract
In order to select herbicides effective for weed management in grass
turfs of the Golf course, with reduced rates, five herbicides were tested
and the possibility of herbicide application at reduced rate was also
estimated. In 2012, five herbicides including flazasulfuron, halosulfuron,
pyrazosulfuron, quinclorac and bentazon, at the rates of 100%, 67% and
50% of their recommended rate were applied on two grassturf, i.e.,
Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.), and Manila grass (Zoysia
matrella (L.) Merr.), and these experimental results showed that no toxic
effect of tested herbicides on Manila grass and only a slight injury
appeared on Bermuda grass. At the recommended rates of 5 herbicides,
weeds in two grassturfs were effectively controlled 3 weeks after
treatment. In general, the application rate of herbicide reduced to 67% of
the recommended rate still kept the effect similar to that of the full rate.
Flazasulfuron residue analysis after application showed that most of the
flazasulfuron was absorbed by shoot of Bermuda grass and existed in two
soil layers. Due to the frequent mowing in Glof course, flazasulfuron in
Bermuda grass was rapidly left away from this turf grass. In addition, the
frequent rainfall after herbicide application lead to the fast dissipation of
flazasulfuron, only 0.23 ppm flazasulfuron was found in 10-20 cm soil
layer 3 days after treatment. Detection of flazasulfuron in 0-10 cm and
10-20 cm soil layer in September in golf court showed that flazasulfuron
leached from 0-10 cm soil layer to 10-20 cm soil layer. On the other hand,
soil column experiment in greenhouse confirmed that a part of
flazasulfuron move downward with water. Field assessment found that
there was no flazasulfuron in pond and water drainage holes beside the
iii
experimental plots in golf court, which probably resulted from the
low-dosage of flazasulfuron applied and water dilution. Exploration of
the fate of flazasulfuron revealed that chemical hydrolysis, microbial
degradation and photolysis are able to degrade flazasulfuron, especially
the chemical hydrolysis.
iv
目錄
頁次
中文摘要……….……..…..……………………………..…….i
Abstract………………………………….……………………..iii
目錄………………………………..……………………….…..v
表目錄…………..………………...………….………………..vi
圖目錄…………..…………………………………..………... ix
壹、緒言………..……………………………………………….1
貳、前人研究…..……………………………………………….5
參、材料與方法……………………………………………….16
肆、結果與討論……………………………………………….30
一、暖季環境下草坪除草劑種類篩選及其減量施用效果評估....30
(一)除草劑篩選…………………………..…………………30
(二)除草劑減量施用效果評估……………………..………...43
二、伏速隆在土壤環境之流向評估……………….…..….….71
(一)伏速隆於高爾夫球場土壤環境之流向….….….……....….71
(二)伏速隆於溫室土壤管柱之流向.….….…….….….………83
(三)伏速隆之降解….….…….….….……….…….….…..….90
伍、參考文獻………………………………………………...100

v
表目錄

頁次
Table 1. Changes of weed flora in two kinds of grass turfs three weeks after five
herbicide applications at the recommended rate. Injury index ranging from 0
(control plant) to 5 (dead plant due to herbicide action) was shown in
parentheses.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------32

Table 2. Table 2. Injury indices of two turf grasses three weeks after five herbicides
application at recommended rate. Injury index ranging from 0 to 5 was recorded.
The recommended rates of bentazon, flazasulfuron, halosulfuron,
pyrazosulfuron, and quinclorac were 2.5 L/ha, 0.6, 0.3, 1.5, and 1.0 kg/ha,
respectively.------------------------------------------------------------------------------35

Table 3. Relative etiolation area of two occurred in grasse turfs three weeks after five
herbicide application at recommended rate. The recommended rates of bentazon,
flazasulfuron, halosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron, and quinclorac were 2.5 L/ha, 0.6,
0.3, 1.5, and 1.0 kg/ha, respectively.--------------------------------------------------38

Table 4. Injury indices of weeds in two grass turfs three weeks after five herbicide
application at recommended rate. The recommended rates of bentazon,
flazasulfuron, halosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron, and quinclorac were 2.5 L/ha, 0.6,
0.3, 1.5, and 1.0 kg/ha, respectively. Injury index ranging from 0 to 5 was
recorded.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------40

Table 5. Relative coverage of weeds in two grass turfs three weeks after five herbicide
application at recommended rate. The recommended rates of bentazon,
flazasulfuron, halosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron, and quinclorac were 2.5 L/ha, 0.6,
0.3, 1.5, and 1.0 kg/ha, respectively.--------------------------------------------------42

Table 6. Injury indices of two turf grasses three weeks after bentazon application at
different percentages of recommended rate. Injury index ranging from 0 to 5
was recorded. The recommended rate of bentazon was 2.5 L/ha.-----------------44

Table 7. Injury indices of two turf grasses three weeks after flazasulfuron application
at different percentages of recommended rate. Injury index ranging from 0 to 5
was recorded. The recommended rate of flazasulfuron was 0.6 kg/ha.----------54
Table 8. Injury indices of two turf grasses three weeks after halosulfuron application
vi
at different percentages of recommended rate. Injury index ranging from 0 to 5
was recorded. The recommended rate of halosulfuron was 0.3 kg/ha.-----------46

Table 9. Injury indices of two turf grasses three weeks after pyrazosulfuron
application at different percentages of recommended rate. Injury index ranging
from 0 to 5 was recorded. The recommended rate of pyrazosulfuron was 1.5
kg/ha.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48

Table 10. Injury indices of two turf grasses three weeks after quinclorac application at
different percentages of recommended rate. Injury index ranging from 0 to 5
was recorded. The recommended rate of quinclorac was 1.0 kg/ha.--------------49

Table 11. Relativen area of two etiolation occurred in grasses turfs three weeks after
bentazon application at different percentages of recommended rate. Injury index
ranging from 0 to 5 was recorded. The recommended rates of bentazon was 2.5
L/ha.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51

Table 12. Relativen area of two etiolation occurred in grasses turf three weeks after
flazasulfuron application at different percentages of recommended rate. Injury
index ranging from 0 to 5 was recorded. The recommended rates of
flazasulfuron was 0.6 kg/ha.-----------------------------------------------------------52

Table 13. Relativen area of two etiolation occurred in grasses turf three weeks after
halosulfuron application at different percentages of recommended rate. Injury
index ranging from 0 to 5 was recorded. The recommended rates of
halosulfuron was 0.3 kg/ha.------------------------------------------------------------53

Table 14. Relativen area of two etiolation occurred in grasses turf three weeks after
pyrazosulfuron application at different percentages of recommended rate. Injury
index ranging from 0 to 5 was recorded. The recommended rates of
pyrazosulfuron was 1.5 kg/ha.---------------------------------------------------------54

Table 15. Relativen area of two etiolation occurred in grasses turf three weeks after
quinclorac application at different percentages of recommended rate. Injury
index ranging from 0 to 5 was recorded. The recommended rates of quinclorac
was 1.0 kg/ha.----------------------------------------------------------------------------56
Table 16. Flazasulfuron residues in two soil layers (0 to 10 cm and 10 to 20 cm) in
cool season and warm season. Ocarbon and pH of two soil layers.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------79
vii
Table 17. Basic physicochemical properties of soils collected from soil profile at 0-10
cm depth in Golf course.----------------------------------------------------------------80

Table 18. Basic physicochemical properties of soils collected from soil profile at
10-20 in Golf course.--------------------------------------------------------------------80

Table 19. Flazasulfuron residue in the water collected from pond, water drainage
holes and inlet hole of 5th & 8th faiway at the Hongsi Golf Course after
application of flazasulfuron at 7.5 μg/cm2(≒0.75 kg/ha) on grass turf. Detection
limit of flazasulfuron in water sample was 5 pg/ml. Experiment was carried out
from April to May ----------------------------------------------------------------------82

Table 20. Flazasulfuron residue in the water collected from pond, water drainage
holes and inlet hole of 5th & 8th faiway at the Hongsi Golf Course after
application of flazasulfuron at 7.5 μg/cm2(≒0.75 kg/ha) on grass turf. Detection
limit of flazasulfuron in water sample was 5 pg/ml. Experiment was carried out
from September to October.------------------------------------------------------------82

Table 21. Basic physicochemical properties of soils used for soil column experiment
in greenhouse.----------------------------------------------------------------------------89

viii