department of agricultural entomology nm college of agriculture navsari agricultural university

357 Pages·2014·9.09 MB·English

“SUCCESSION OF RICE PEST COMPLEX AND
TESTING OF DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT MODULES
AGAINST RICE PEST COMPLEX UNDER SOUTH
GUJARAT CONDITION”

A
THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE
NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
NAVSARI
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR

THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE
OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

IN
AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY

BY

KAKDE AMOL MADHUKAR
M.Sc. (Agri.)

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY
N. M. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
NAVSARI – 396 450

JUNE-2014
REGISTRATION No.:- 04-0978-2011
Succession of rice pest complex and testing of different
management modules against rice pest complex under
South Gujarat condition

Name of Student Major Advisor
Mr. Kakde A. M. Dr. K. G. Patel

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY
N. M. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
NAVSARI − 396 450

ABSTRACT

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the world‟s second most important cereal
crop and a staple food crop of India. South Gujarat engage maximum
rice growing area of the State belonging to Dang, Valsad, Navsari and
Surat districts. In South Gujarat region, where warm and humid climate
exists throughout the year, the prospective of productivity of high
yielding varieties still not fully exploited due to number of biotic and
abiotic factors. Among these, rice crop is mainly affected by many insect
species starting from seedling to maturity stage and out of which, about
20 insect pests have economic importance. For the management of rice
insect pests, farmers are using indiscriminate doses of chemicals which
have created number of problems. Adoption of integrated pest
management is one of the best strategies to overcome these problems.
The awareness regarding time of appearance of pest and period of
its maximum activity helps the farmers to implement preventive and
effective management practices. With this view, research work on the
study of seasonal incidence, varietal screening and effectiveness of
insecticides against yellow stem borer, S. incertulus of paddy as well as
evaluation of different management modules against rice pest complex
under South Gujarat conditions were carried out at Wheat Research
Station Farm, N.A.U., Bardoli during consecutive Kharif season of 2012
and 2013.
An experiment on the influence of different planting methods on
succession of major pests of rice was carried out in rice field. This
experiment was carried out with conventional (Transplanting) and SRI
method of paddy cultivation. Under conventional method, yellow stem
borer infestation appeared peak during first week of September (5.58%
DH) and 1st week of October (5.79% WEH). In SRI method, the peak
incidence was observed during first week of September (4.19% DH) and
at last week of September (4.93% WEH). The results of both methods
indicated that the weather parameters had less influence on the activity
yellow stem borer infesting paddy.
Rice green leaf hopper, N. virescens incidence under conventional
method of planting showed maximum hill damage (2.39%) and
population of nymph and adults (12.05/hill) during first week of October
(40th SMW). The incidence data under SRI planting revealed peak hill
damage (2.13%) and population of nymph and adults (8.73/hill) during
first week of October (40th SMW). The coefficient correlation results
revealed that the maximum temperature and bright sunshine hrs
influence the occurrence of green leaf hopper positively, while minimum
temperature and relative humidity showed their negative effect.
Rice brown plant hopper, N.lugens recorded peak hill damage
(2.82%) and nymph and adults population (3.17/hill) during first week of
October (40th SMW) under conventional method. Whereas under SRI
method, the highest hill damage (2.42%) and population (2.54/hill) was
observed during last week of September (39th SMW). The co-efficient
correlation revealed that the maximum temperature and bright sunshine
hrs influence the damage of the brown plant hoppers positively, while
minimum temperature and relative humidity showed negative impact.
Rice earhead bug, L. acuta incidence in conventional method of
planting revealed maximum population of nymph and adults (10.03/5
net sweep) and (8.90/5 net sweep) in SRI method during first week of
October (40th SMW). The correlation data indicated that the maximum
temperature and bright sunshine hrs positively control the population of
earhead bug, while minimum temperature and relative humidity showed
their negative influence.
The data on seasonal occurrence of leaf folder, C. medinalis
revealed that the peak level reached during 4th week of September (39th
SMW) when leaf damage due to leaf folder was 2.30% under conventional
method and 2.66% under SRI method. The correlation results under
conventional and SRI method indicated that the weather parameters had
less impact on leaf folder damage.
Rice blue beetle, L. pygmaea data recorded in conventional method
of planting showed that the highest leaf damage (2.75%) and the
population of adults (2.41/plant) was reached at last week of August
(35th SMW). Under SRI method, the peak leaf damage (2.30%) and the
population of adults (2.31/plant) was also observed at last week of
August (35th SMW). The coefficient correlation data revealed that bright
sunshine hrs only affect the leaf damage and the population of the blue
beetle negatively.
The results on number of sheath mites showed that maximum
mite incidence was reached during the first week of October (40th SMW)
under conventional planting method (18.04/leaf sheath) as well as in
SRI method (11.95/leaf sheath). The two years data indicated that the
maximum temperature and bright sunshine hrs positively affected the
population of the sheath mite, while minimum temperature and relative
humidity showed negative effect.
The higher damage of rice pest complex was observed in
conventional method (transplanting) of planting than SRI method except
in leaf folder indicated less efficiency of SRI method to reduce the leaf
folder damage.
The data on abundance of spiders indicated that the peak spider
activity was attained during 1st week of October (40th SMW) in
conventional method (4.36/hill) as well as in SRI method (4.54/hill). The
correlation data showed that the maximum temperature and bright
sunshine hrs positively influence the population of the spider, while
minimum temperature showed their negative impact on the population
built up of spider.
The egg parasitism of yellow stem borer by the Eulophid,
Tetrastichus schoenobii was initiated after the start of yellow stem borer
damage and reached highest during heading to flowering and noticed up
to 33.04% under conventional method and 38.10% under SRI method in
second week of September (37th SMW).
The larval parasitism results under conventional method showed
that the parasitism of yellow stem borer by Apanteles sp. was peak
during second (21.59%) and fourth week of September (19.44%). The
data under SRI method revealed that the highest larval parasitism
during second (31.67%) and fourth week of September (28.57%). Under
conventional method, the larval parasitism of leaf folder (33.18%) by
Apanteles sp. was observed during first week of October (40th SWM),
which was also recorded under SRI method (27.88%).
Keeping in view of the economic importance of major insect pest
complex of paddy, eighteen varieties were screened in field condition
against major insect pests including mite during Kharif 2012 and 2013.
The incidence of yellow stem borer was recorded at 30 and 50 days
after transplanting (DAT) for dead hearts showed that varieties viz.,
GR-103, Gurjari and Masuri were found resistant (R), whereas varieties
i.e. GR-102, GR-104 and GR-101 were graded as susceptible (S) against
yellow stem borer. GR-12 and GR-11 variety proved as highly susceptible
(HS). At heading stage (15 days before harvesting), white earhead per
cent infestation of the varieties viz., Masuri, Gurjari and GR-103 were
showed resistant (R) category. While, varieties viz., GR-104, GR-102 and
GR-101 were graded as susceptible (S) against yellow stem borer. Variety
GR-12 and GR-11 proved as highly susceptible (HS).
The findings on per cent hill damage due to green leaf hopper
indicated that GR-101, GR-102, GR-103, and GR-104 found resistant (R)
and recorded per cent hill damage between 1 to 10%. While, variety
IR-28, GR-11 and Masuri were categoried as susceptible (S) as well as
Gurjari and Jaya were grouped into the highly susceptible category (HS).
The results on per cent hill damage due to brown plant hopper
showed that GR-101, GR-102, GR-103, GR-104 considered as resistant
(R), while varieties viz., IR-28, GR-11 and Masuri categoried as
susceptible (S) and the two varietied viz., Jaya and Gurjari considered as
highly susceptible (HS).
The data on per cent damaged grains per panicle due to earhead
bug revealed that the varieties viz., GR-104, GAR-1, GNR-3, IR-22, GR-
102 and GAR-2 found moderately resistant (MR). Whereas, IR-28 found
susceptible (S) and Jaya was categories into highly susceptible (HS).
The findings on per cent leaf damage due to leaf folder showed
that varieties like GR-102, GR-103 considered as resistant (R). However,
the variety GR-101 found susceptible (S) and varieties considered as
highly susceptible (HS) were GR-12, Jaya, GR-104 and Masuri.
The results on per cent leaf damage due to blue beetle revealed
that 7 varieties viz., GAR-1, GR-102, IR-22, GAR-2, GR-103, GNR-2 and
GR-104 are considered as resistant (R). However, varieties viz., Masuri,
Gurjari and Jaya considered as susceptible (S) while the variety Jaya
was considered as highly susceptible (HS).
The population data of mites revealed that only 2 varieties
i.e. Masuri and IR-28 are found promising varieties, while six varieties
recorded moderate population and grouped into moderately susceptible
were IR-22, GR-12, GR-103, Narmada, GNR-2 and NAUR-1. However,
varieties considered as highly susceptible were Gurjari and Jaya.
The average data on per cent dead hearts due to different
insecticides tested against rice yellow stem borer was recorded at 3, 7
and 10 days after first and second spray and revealed significant results
at each level. The similar trends of insecticide performance against
yellow stem borer was observed with significant data during both spray
schedules. The minimum damage was recorded fipronil 0.3 G (T ),
2
followed by spinosad 45 SC (T ). The other treatments viz., profenophos
3
50 EC (T ) and cartap hydrochloride (T ) were at par with each other and
1 4
also showed significantly lower damage than control. The yield data of
paddy showed significant findings. The average highest yield (59.04
q/ha) was obtained in fipronil 0.3 G (T ), followed by spinosad 45 SC (T )
2 3
(57.21 q/ha) and they were at par with each other. The other treatments
viz., profenophos 50 EC (T )and cartap hydrochloride (T ) recorded 51.71
1 4
and 50.33 q/ha yield, which found at par with each other and also
showed significantly higher yield over control (43.79 q/ha).
The results after evaluation of different modules comprising
various IPM practices against yellow stem borer, green leaf hopper,
brown plant hopper, leaf folder and blue beetle at different interval
showed significant results.
The different modules were tested against yellow stem borer and
results were recorded at 30, 50, 60 and 70 days after transplanting
(DAT) showed the significantly minimum dead heart damage in Module
IPM-III (chemical + non-chemical based module), followed by Module
IPM-I (chemical based module). The next effective module was Module
IPM-II (non-chemical based module) and found comparable with Module
IPM-IV (spot application). The highest dead hearts damage was recorded
in Module IPM-V (farmer‟s practices).
The performance of different modules against green leafhopper
was recorded at 50, 60 and 70 DAT indicated lowest hill damage in
Module IPM-III (chemical + non-chemical based module) and showed
comparable results with Module IPM-I (chemical based module). The
significantly effective performance was also found in Module IPM-IV (spot
application), followed by Module IPM-II (non-chemical based module).
The highest hill damage was found in Module IPM-V (farmer‟s practices).
The different modules tested against brown plant hopper at 50, 60
and 70 DAT showed lowest hill damage in Module IPM-III (chemical +
non-chemical based module), but found at par with Module IPM-I
(chemical based module). The next effective module was Module IPM-IV
(spot application) and Module IPM-II (non-chemical based module). The
highest hill damage was found in Module IPM-V (farmer‟s practices).
The results on leaf damage caused due to leaf folder at 50, 60 and
70 DAT showed significantly lowest leaf damage in Module IPM-III
(chemical + non-chemical based module) followed by Module IPM-I
(chemical based module). The next effective module was Module IPM-IV
(spot application), but showed similar results with Module IPM-I. Module
IPM-II (non-chemical based module) recorded significantly lower damage
than Module IPM-V (farmer‟s practices).
The data on infestation caused due to blue beetle at 30, 50 and 60
DAT revealed significantly lowest leaf damage in Module IPM-III
(chemical + non-chemical based module). The next best modules were
Module IPM-I (chemical based module), Module IPM-IV (spot application)
and Module IPM-II (non-chemical based module), which showed
significantly lower damage than Module IPM-V (farmer‟s practices).
The yield performance of different modules revealed the significant
highest yield (61.25 q/ha) in Module IPM-III (chemical + non-chemical
based module). The next effective modules were Module IPM-I (chemical
based module) and Module IPM-IV (spot application) with 56.13 and
54.75 q/ha yield, respectively. Module IPM-II (non-chemical based
module) (49.42 q/ha) recorded significantly higher yield over Module
IPM-V (farmer‟s practices) (43.71 q/ha). The economics of different
modules showed that Module IPM-IV (spot application) gave highest
benefit cost ratio of 11.35 followed by 4.43 Module IPM-III (chemical +
non-chemical based module), 3.06 in Module IPM-I (chemical based
module) and 2.02 in Module IPM-II (non-chemical based module) over
Module IPM-V (farmer‟s practices).
NAVSARI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
N. M. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
NAVSARI- 396 450
Dr. K. G. Patel
Principal
Collge of Agriculture
Navsari Agricultural University,
Bharuch- 392 001 (Gujarat)

C E R T I F I C A T E
This is to certify that the thesis entitled
“Succession of rice pest complex and testing of
different management modules against rice pest
complex under South Gujarat condition” submitted
by Mr. Kakde Amol Madhukar in partial fulfilment of
the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor
of Philosophy in the discipline of Agricultural
Entomology of the Navsari Agricultural University is a
record of bonafide research work carried out by him
under my guidance and the thesis has not previously
formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma
or other similar title.

Place: Navsari (K. G. Patel)
Date: 2ndJune, 2014 Major Advisor
DECLARATION

This is to declare that the whole of the research
work submitted in this thesis for the partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Agricultural
Entomology is the result of investigation done by the
undersigned under the direct guidance and
supervision of Dr. K. G. Patel, Principal, College of
Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University,
Bharuch and that no part of the work has been
submitted for any other degree so far.

Place: Navsari
Date :2nd June, 2014 (Kakde A. M.)

COUNTERSIGNED BY

(K. G. Patel)
Principal
College of Agriculture
Navsari Agricultural University
Bharuch- 392 001