ebook img

Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques PDF

482 Pages·2016·42.04 MB·English
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques

Evolve Student Resources for Joen Iannucci & Laura Jansen Howerton: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition, include the following: Instructor Only • Image Collection • TEACH Answer Keys • TEACH Lesson Plans • TEACH PowerPoint Slides • TEACH Student Handouts • Test Bank Student and Instructor • Additional Case Scenarios • Case Studies • Interactive Exercises • Review Questions—Self-Study Examination Activate the complete learning experience that comes with each textbook purchase by registering at http://evolve.elsevier.com/Iannucci/ YOU’VE JUST PURCHASED MORE THAN A TEXTBOOK! REGISTER TODAY! You can now purchase Elsevier products on Evolve! Go to evolve.elsevier.com/html/shop-promo.html to search and browse for products. 2015v1.0 DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY Principles and Techniques This page intentionally left blank 5th EDITION DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY Principles and Techniques Joen M. Iannucci, DDS, MS Professor of Clinical Dentistry The Ohio State University College of Dentistry Columbus, Ohio Laura Jansen How erton, RDH, MS Instructor Wake Technical Community College Raleigh, North Carolina 3251 Riverport Lane St. Louis, Missouri 63043 DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY: PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES, FIFTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-29742-4 Copyright © 2017 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this eld are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identi ed, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Previous editions copyrighted 2012, 2006, 2000, and 1996. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Iannucci, Joen M., author. | Howerton, Laura Jansen, author. Title: Dental radiography: principles and techniques / Joen Iannucci, Laura Jansen Howerton. Description: 5th edition. | St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier/Saunders, [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identi ers: LCCN 2016002397 | ISBN 9780323297424 (pbk.: alk. paper) Subjects: | MESH: Radiography, Dental–methods Classi cation: LCC RK309 | NLM WN 230 | DDC 617.6/07572–dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016002397 Content Strategist: Kristin Wilhelm Content Development Manager: Ellen Wurm-Cutter Content Development Specialist: John Tomedi, Spring Hollow Press Publishing Services Manager: Julie Eddy Project Manager: Abigail Bradberry Design Direction: Miles Hitchen Printed in Canada Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To my son, Michael— To my dad, Angelo— To my mom, Dolores— thank you or your everlasting love, your encouragement, and a li e f lled with laughter. To my students, past & present— thank you or all you have taught me, and or the sincere privilege o being a part o your li e. To the faculty and staff on our radiology team— thank you or your support, your sense o humor, and or working with me to make radiology a true “destination” clinic JMI To my husband, Bruce, who inspires me every day of my life. LJH vi REVI EW ERS Joanna Campbell, RDH, MA Instructor, Dental Hygiene Department Bergen Community College Paramus, New Jersey Sharron Cook, CDA Instructor Columbus Technical College Columbus, Georgia Leslie Koberna, RDH, BSDH, MPH/HSA, PhD Instructor, Dental Hygiene Program Texas Woman’s University Denton, Texas Sheri Lynn Sauer, CDA, CODA Program Director/Instructor, Dental Assisting (Secondary) Eastland-Fairf eld Career and Technical Schools Groveport, Ohio; Instructor/Author/Speaker Radiography, OSHA Compliance and Blood-Borne Pathogens, Nitrous Oxide Sedation Monitoring Columbus Dental Society Columbus, Ohio Catherine Warren, RDH, MEd Instructor University o Arkansas or Medical Sciences Little Rock, Arkansas vii P REFACE Welcome to the fth edition of Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques. The purpose of this text is to present the basic principles of dental imaging, and provide detailed information about imaging techniques. This text offers a straight-forward, reader-friendly format with a balance of theory and technical instruction to develop dental imaging skills. Our goal with this fth edition, as with previous editions, is to facilitate teaching and learning. ABOUT THIS EDITION The simplicity and organization of this text makes it exception- ally easy to use. To facilitate learning, the fth edition is divided into manageable parts for both the student and faculty: • Radiation Basics • Equipment, Film, and Processing Basics • Dental Radiographer Basics • Technique Basics • Digital Imaging Basics • Normal Anatomy and Film Mounting Basics • Image Interpretation Basics Each chapter includes a variety of features to aid in learning. A list of objectives to focus the reader on the important aspects of the material is presented at the beginning of every chapter. Key terms are highlighted in blue and bold typeface as they are introduced in the text. A complete glossary of more than 600 terms is included at the end of the book. Detailed, easy to follow step-by-step procedures designed to guide the student for the various intraoral and extraoral techniques. The material is organized in an instructionally engaging way that ensures technique mastery and serves as a valuable refer- ence tool. Summary tables and boxes are included throughout the text. These provide easy-to-read synopses of text discussions that support visual learners, and serve as useful review and study tools. Quiz questions are included at the end of each chapter to immediately test knowledge. Answers and rationales to the quiz questions are provided to instructors on the Evolve website. NEW TO THIS EDITION This edition updates and expands the chapters on digital and three-dimensional imaging with the most current technology, ensuring students are prepared to practice in the modern dental of ce. In addition, we have added a section on pediatric patients that includes new content on the deciduous and mixed denti- tions to aid the student in the interpretation of these often challenging dental images. Throughout the text, a Helpful Hint feature highlights important material and offers tips to aid student understand- ing. The hints help the student to learn and to recognize and prevent the most common technique pitfalls while providing a checklist to guide both the novice and the experienced dental radiographer. Photographs have been updated throughout the text to depict the newest equipment, and revised art includes new illus- trations of anatomy and technique. These enhancements help to clearly delineate the various learning features, and engages the student in the content. Enhanced line drawings are included to improve the clarity in this highly visual subject area. The panoramic imaging chapter has been expanded to include more visuals. In the interpretation chapters of the text, numerous dental images that illustrate a variety of conditions are now included. A dental image interpretation checklist is also included. ABOUT EVOLVE A companion Evolve website is available to students and instructors. The site offers a wide variety of additional learning tools and greatly enhances the text for both students and instructors. FOR THE STUDENT Evolve Student Resources offers the following: • Self-Study Examination. Over 250 multiple-choice ques- tions are provided in an instant feedback format. This helps the student prepare for class, and reinforces what they’ve studied in the text. • Case Studies. Scenarios similar to those found on the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (NBDHE), as well as clinical and dental imaging patient ndings, are pre- sented with challenging self-assessment questions. There is also a case scenario in each chapter followed by three to ve questions. • Labeling Exercises. Drag-and-drop device assembly and labeling of equipment, along with positioning drawings and photographs. • Dental Image Identi cation Exercises. Drag-and-drop lm mounting and digital imaging. FOR THE INSTRUCTOR Evolve Instructor Resources offers the following: • TEACH Instructor Resource Manual. Includes the following: • TEACH Lesson Plans. Detailed instruction by chapters and sections, with content mapping. • TEACH PowerPoint Slides. Slides of text and images separated by chapter. • TEACH Student Handouts. Exercises provide extra prac- tice in the classroom. • Test Bank in ExamView. Approximately 1000 objective- style questions with accompanying rationales, CDA and NBDHE exam tags, and page/section references for text- book remediation. • Answers to Textbook Quiz Questions, Case Studies, and Case Scenarios. A mixture of ll-in-the-blank and short- answer questions for each chapter, with self-submission and instant feedback and grading. • Image Collection. All the text’s images available electroni- cally for download into PowerPoint or other classroom lecture formats. viii Pr e f a c e WORKBOOK AND LABORATORY MANUAL Dental Radiography: A Workbook and Laboratory Manual is an exciting new companion to the textbook, and seeks to provide a complete and comprehensive solution for dental assisting (DA) and dental hygiene (DH) educational programs. The rst section of the Workbook contains written exercises and critical- thinking exercises organized into seven modules that follow the seven parts of the textbook, designed to offer students extra practice and reinforce the material. The second section is struc- tured as a Laboratory Manual, presenting the material and instructions needed for students to perform each of the radio- graphic techniques, establishing competency in the radiography clinic through active learning. FROM THE AUTHORS Are there any tricks to learning dental imaging? Most de nitely! Attend class. Stay awake. Pay attention. Ask questions. Read the book. Learn the material. Do not cram. Prepare for tests. Do not give up. We hope that you will nd the textbook and Evolve website to be the most comprehensive learning package available for dental imaging. Joen M. Iannucci, DDS, MS Laura Jansen Howerton, RDH, MS ix ACKN OW LED GMEN TS We express our deepest appreciation to our amilies, riends and colleagues or their unending support during preparation o this manuscript. The f th edition o this textbook would not have been possible without the incredible com- mitment and enthusiastic dedication o the team at Elsevier—which includes Kristin Wilhelm, Content Strategist; Ellen Wurm-Cutter, Content Development Manager; John Tomedi, Content Development Specialist; and Project Manager, Abigail Bradberry. We would also like to acknowledge the generosity and willingness o many dental manu actur- ing companies who loaned their permissions to display imaging equipment, with an enormous thanks to Jackie Raulerson, manager o media and public relations o DEXIS. The authors would also like to thank the sta and dental o f ces o Dr. Timothy W. Godsey o Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Drs. Robert D. Elliott and Julie R. Molina o Cary, North Carolina, and Dr. W. Bruce Howerton, Jr., o Raleigh, North Carolina, or all their contributions o sample images. Joen M. Iannucci, DDS, MS Laura Jansen Howerton, RDH, MS x CO N TEN TS Reviewers, vi Preface, vii Acknowledgments, ix PART I Radiation Basics 1 Radiation History, 2 Dentistry and X-Radiation, 2 Basic Terminology, 2 Importance of Dental Images, 2 Discovery of X-Radiation, 2 Roentgen and the Discovery of X-Rays, 2 Earlier Experimentation, 4 Pioneers in Dental X-Radiation, 4 History of Dental X-Ray Equipment, 4 History of Dental X-Ray Film, 5 History of Dental Radiographic Techniques, 5 History of Dental Digital Imaging, 6 2 Radiation Physics, 8 Fundamental Concepts, 8 Atomic and Molecular Structure, 8 Ionization, Radiation, and Radioactivity, 10 Ionizing Radiation, 10 X-Radiation, 12 X-Ray Machine, 12 Component Parts, 12 X-Ray Tube, 14 X-Ray Generating Apparatus, 15 Production of X-Radiation, 16 Production of Dental X-Rays, 16 Types of X-Rays Produced, 17 De nitions of X-Radiation, 17 Interactions of X-Radiation, 18 No Interaction, 18 Absorption of Energy and Photoelectric Effect, 18 Compton Scatter, 19 Coherent Scatter, 19 3 Radiation Characteristics, 24 X-Ray Beam Quality, 24 Voltage and Kilovoltage, 24 Density and Kilovoltage, 25 Contrast and Kilovoltage, 25 Exposure Time and Kilovoltage, 26 X-Ray Beam Quantity, 26 Amperage and Milliamperage, 26 Density and Milliamperage, 27 Exposure Time and Milliamperage, 27 Exposure Factor Tips, 27 X-Ray Beam Intensity, 27 Kilovoltage, 27 Milliamperage, 27 Exposure Time, 27 Distance, 28 Inverse Square Law, 28 Half-Value Layer, 29 4 Radiation Biology, 31 Radiation Injury, 31 Mechanisms of Injury, 31 Theories of Radiation Injury, 31 Dose-Response Curve, 32 Stochastic and Nonstochastic Radiation Effects, 32 Sequence of Radiation Injury, 33 Determining Factors for Radiation Injury, 33 Radiation Effects, 34 Short-Term and Long-Term Effects, 34 Somatic and Genetic Effects, 34 Radiation Effects on Cells, 34 Radiation Effects on Tissues and Organs, 36 Radiation Measurements, 36 Units of Measurement, 36 Exposure Measurement, 36 Dose Measurement, 37 Dose Equivalent Measurement, 37 Measurements Used in Dental Imaging, 37 Radiation Risks, 37 Sources of Radiation Exposure, 37 Risk and Risk Estimates, 37 Dental Radiation and Exposure Risks, 38 Patient Exposure and Dose, 38 Risk Versus Bene t of Dental Images, 38 5 Radiation Protection, 42 Patient Protection, 42 Before Exposure, 42 During Exposure, 46 After Exposure, 48 Operator Protection, 48 Protection Guidelines, 48 Radiation Monitoring, 49 Radiation Exposure Guidelines, 50 Radiation Safety Legislation, 50 Maximum Permissible Dose, 50 Cumulative Occupational Dose, 50 ALARA Concept, 50 Radiation Protection and Patient Education, 50 PART II Equipment, Film, and Processing Basics 6 Dental X-Ray Equipment, 54 Dental X-Ray Machines, 54 Performance Standards, 54 Types of Machines, 54 Component Parts, 54 Dental X-Ray Receptor Holders and Beam Alignment Devices, 56 Types of Receptor Holders, 56 Types of Beam Alignment Devices, 57 7 Dental X-Ray Film, 60 Dental X-Ray Film Composition and Latent Image, 60 Film Composition, 60 Latent Image Formation, 61 Co n t e n t s xi Types of Dental X-Ray Film, 61 Intraoral Film, 61 Extraoral Film, 66 Duplicating Film, 69 Film Storage and Protection, 69 8 Dental X-Ray Image Characteristics, 72 Dental X-Ray Image Characteristics, 72 Visual Characteristics, 72 Density, 72 Contrast, 74 Geometric Characteristics, 75 Sharpness, 76 Magni cation, 78 Distortion, 78 9 Film Processing, 82 Film Processing, 82 Film Processing Fundamentals, 82 Film Processing Techniques, 83 Automatic Film Processing, 83 Film Processing Steps, 84 Equipment Requirements, 84 Step-by-Step Procedures, 85 Care and Maintenance, 85 Manual Film Processing, 86 Film Processing Steps, 86 Film Processing Solutions, 86 Equipment Requirements, 87 Equipment Accessories, 88 Step-by-Step Procedures, 89 Care and Maintenance, 89 The Darkroom, 90 Room Requirements, 90 Location and Size, 91 Lighting, 91 Miscellaneous Requirements, 92 Waste Management, 92 Film Duplication, 92 Equipment Requirements, 92 Step-by-Step Procedures, 93 Processing Problems and Solutions, 93 Time and Temperature, 93 Chemical Contamination, 96 Film Handling, 97 Lighting, 99 10 Quality Assurance in the Dental Of ce, 104 Quality Control Tests, 104 Equipment and Supplies, 104 Film Processing, 105 Digital Imaging, 109 Quality Administration Procedures, 109 Operator Competence, 109 PART III Dental Radiographer Basics 11 Dental Images and the Dental Radiographer, 113 Dental Images, 113 Importance of Dental Images, 113 Uses of Dental Images, 113 Bene ts of Dental Images, 113 Information Found on Dental Images, 114 The Dental Radiographer, 114 Knowledge and Skill Requirements, 114 Duties and Responsibilities, 114 Professional Goals, 114 12 Patient Relations and the Dental Radiographer, 118 Interpersonal Skills, 118 Communication Skills, 118 Facilitation Skills, 121 Patient Relations, 121 First Impressions and Patient Relations, 121 Chairside Manner and Patient Relations, 122 Attitude and Patient Relations, 122 13 Patient Education and the Dental Radiographer, 124 Importance of Patient Education, 124 Methods of Patient Education, 124 Frequently Asked Questions, 125 Necessity Questions, 125 Exposure Questions, 126 Safety Questions, 127 Digital Imaging Questions, 127 Miscellaneous Questions, 128 14 Legal Issues and the Dental Radiographer, 130 Legal Issues and Dental Imaging, 130 Federal and State Regulations, 130 Licensure Requirements, 130 Legal Issues and the Dental Patient, 130 Risk Management, 130 Malpractice Issues, 131 Patient Records, 132 Patients Who Refuse Exposure of Dental Images, 133 15 Infection Control and the Dental Radiographer, 135 Infection Control Basics, 135 Rationale for Infection Control, 135 Infection Control Terminology, 135 Guidelines for Infection Control Practices, 136 Personal Protective Equipment, 136 Hand Hygiene, 137 Care of Hands, 137 Sterilization and Disinfection of Instruments, 137 Cleaning and Disinfection of Dental Unit and Environmental Surfaces, 137 Infection Control in Dental Imaging, 138 Infection Control Procedures Used Before Exposure, 139 Infection Control Procedures Used During Exposure, 142 Infection Control Procedures Used After Exposure, 142 Infection Control Procedures Used for Digital Imaging, 142 Infection Control Procedures Used for Film Processing, 143 PART IV Technique Basics 16 Introduction to Dental Imaging Examinations, 148 Intraoral Imaging Examination, 148 Types of Intraoral Imaging Examinations, 148 Complete Mouth Series/Full Mouth Series, 149 Diagnostic Criteria for Intraoral Images, 149 Extraoral Imaging Examination, 149 Prescribing Dental Images, 150 xii Co n t e n t s 17 Paralleling Technique, 152 Basic Concepts, 152 Terminology, 152 Principles of Paralleling Technique, 152 Beam Alignment Devices and Receptor Holding Devices, 154 Receptors Used for Paralleling Technique, 155 Rules for Paralleling Technique, 155 Step-by-Step Procedures, 155 Patient Preparation, 155 Equipment Preparation, 155 Exposure Sequence for Receptor Placements, 156 Receptor Placement for Paralleling Technique, 159 Modi cations in Paralleling Technique, 160 Shallow Palate, 160 Bony Growths, 169 Mandibular Premolar Region, 170 Advantages and Disadvantages, 170 Advantages of Paralleling Technique, 170 Disadvantages of Paralleling Technique, 170 18 Bisecting Technique, 175 Basic Concepts, 175 Terminology, 175 Principles of Bisecting Technique, 176 Receptor Stabilization, 177 Receptors Used for Bisecting Technique, 178 Position-Indicating Device Angulation, 178 Rules for Bisecting Technique, 179 Step-by-Step Procedures, 179 Patient Preparation, 182 Equipment Preparation, 182 Exposure Sequence for Receptor Placements, 182 Receptor Placement for Bisecting Technique, 183 Advantages and Disadvantages, 183 Advantages of Bisecting Technique, 183 Disadvantages of Bisecting Technique, 184 Helpful Hints, 193 19 Bite-Wing Technique, 197 Basic Concepts, 197 Terminology, 197 Principles of Bite-Wing Technique, 198 Beam Alignment Device and Bite-Wing Tab, 199 Bite-Wing Receptors, 200 Position-Indicating Device Angulation, 201 Rules for Bite-Wing Technique, 201 Step-by-Step Procedures, 202 Patient Preparation, 203 Equipment Preparation, 203 Exposure Sequence for Receptor Placements, 203 Receptor Placement for Bite-Wing Images, 204 Vertical Bite-Wings, 210 Modi cations in Bite-Wing Technique, 210 Edentulous Spaces, 210 Bony Growths, 210 Helpful Hints, 211 20 Exposure and Technique Errors, 214 Receptor Exposure Errors, 214 Exposure Problems, 214 Time and Exposure Factor Problems, 215 Periapical Technique Errors, 216 Receptor Placement Problems, 216 Angulation Problems, 217 Position-Indicating Device Alignment Problems, 218 Bite-Wing Technique Errors, 218 Receptor Placement Problems, 219 Angulation Problems, 220 Position-Indicating Device Alignment Problems, 220 Miscellaneous Technique Errors, 221 21 Occlusal and Localization Techniques, 228 Occlusal Technique, 228 Basic Concepts, 228 Step-by-Step Procedures, 229 Localization Techniques, 229 Basic Concepts, 236 Step-by-Step Procedures, 237 Helpful Hints, 239 22 Panoramic Imaging, 244 Basic Concepts, 244 Purpose and Use, 244 Fundamentals, 244 Equipment, 247 Step-by-Step Procedures, 249 Equipment Preparation, 249 Patient Preparation, 249 Patient Positioning, 249 Diagnostic Panoramic Image, 251 Anatomic Features, 251 Density and Contrast, 251 Common Errors, 252 Patient Preparation Errors, 252 Patient Positioning Errors, 252 Advantages and Disadvantages, 256 Advantages of Panoramic Imaging, 256 Disadvantages of Panoramic Imaging, 257 Helpful Hints, 257 23 Extraoral Imaging, 260 Basic Concepts, 260 Purpose and Use, 260 Equipment, 260 Diagnostic Extraoral Image, 262 Step-by-Step Procedures, 262 Equipment Preparation, 262 Patient Preparation, 262 Patient Positioning, 262 Extraoral Projection Techniques, 262 Lateral Jaw Imaging, 262 Skull Imaging, 263 Temporomandibular Joint Imaging, 268 24 Imaging of Patients with Special Needs, 274 Patients with Gag Re ex, 274 Patient Management, 274 Extreme Cases of Gag Re ex, 276 Helpful Hints, 276 Patients with Disabilities, 276 Physical Disabilities, 276 Developmental Disabilities, 277 Patient Management Helpful Hints, 277 Pediatric Patients, 278 Tooth Eruption Sequences, 278 Prescribing of Dental Images, 278 Recommended Techniques, 278 Types of Examinations, 279 Digital Sensor Issues, 281 Co n t e n t s xiii Patient and Equipment Preparations, 281 Patient Management Helpful Hints, 281 Patients with Speci c Dental Needs, 281 Endodontic Patients, 281 Edentulous Patients, 282 PART V Digital Imaging Basics 25 Digital Imaging, 288 Basic Concepts, 288 Terminology, 288 Purpose and Use, 289 Fundamentals, 289 Radiation Exposure, 289 Equipment, 290 Types of Digital Imaging, 292 Direct Digital Imaging, 292 Indirect Digital Imaging, 293 Step-by-Step Procedures, 294 Intraoral Sensor Preparation, 294 Intraoral Sensor Placement, 294 Advantages and Disadvantages, 294 Advantages of Digital Imaging, 294 Disadvantages of Digital Imaging, 296 26 Three-Dimensional Digital Imaging, 299 Basic Concepts, 299 Terminology, 299 Fundamentals, 299 Training, 301 Equipment, 301 Common Uses, 304 Step-by-Step Procedures, 305 Advantages and Disadvantages, 305 Advantages of Three-Dimensional Digital Imaging, 305 Disadvantages of Three-Dimensional Digital Imaging, 305 PART VI Normal Anatomy and Film Mounting Basics 27 Normal Anatomy: Intraoral Images, 312 De nitions of General Terms, 312 Types of Bone, 312 Prominences of Bone, 313 Spaces and Depressions in Bone, 313 Miscellaneous Terms, 315 Normal Anatomic Landmarks, 315 Bony Landmarks of the Maxilla, 315 Bony Landmarks of the Mandible, 323 Normal Tooth Anatomy, 330 Tooth Structure, 330 Supporting Structures, 331 Primary and Mixed Dentitions, 332 Primary Dentition, 332 Mixed Dentition, 334 28 Film Mounting and Viewing, 338 Film Mounting, 338 Basic Concepts, 338 Normal Anatomy and Film Mounting, 340 Film Mounting Methods, 341 Step-by-Step Procedure, 342 Helpful Hints, 342 Film Viewing, 344 Basic Concepts, 345 Step-by-Step Procedure, 346 Helpful Hints, 347 29 Normal Anatomy: Panoramic Images, 351 Normal Anatomic Landmarks, 351 Bony Landmarks of Maxilla and Surrounding Structures, 351 Bony Landmarks of Mandible and Surrounding Structures, 353 Air Spaces Seen on Panoramic Images, 356 Soft Tissues Seen on Panoramic Images, 357 PART VII Image Interpretation Basics 30 Introduction to Image Interpretation, 363 Basic Concepts, 363 Interpretation Terminology, 363 Importance of Interpretation, 363 Guidelines, 363 Who Interprets Images?, 363 Interpretation versus Diagnosis, 364 When and Where Are Images Interpreted?, 364 What is the Sequence for Interpreting Images?, 364 How is Interpretation Documented?, 364 Interpretation and Patient Education, 366 31 Descriptive Terminology, 368 De nition and Uses, 368 What Is Descriptive Terminology?, 368 Why Use Descriptive Terminology?, 368 Descriptive Terminology versus Diagnosis, 368 Review of Basic Terms, 368 Radiolucent versus Radiopaque, 368 How to Describe Lesions, 369 Terms Used to Describe Radiolucent Lesions, 369 Terms Used to Describe Radiopaque Lesions, 371 32 Identi cation of Restorations, Dental Materials, and Foreign Objects, 381 Identi cation of Restorations, 381 Amalgam Restorations, 381 Gold Restorations, 382 Stainless Steel and Chrome Crown Restorations, 384 Post and Core Restorations, 384 Porcelain Restorations, 384 Composite Restorations, 386 Acrylic Restorations, 386 Identi cation of Materials Used in Dentistry, 386 Materials Used in Restorative Dentistry, 388 Materials Used in Endodontics, 388 Materials Used in Prosthodontics, 388 Materials Used in Orthodontics, 389 Materials Used in Oral Surgery, 389 Identi cation of Objects, 393 Jewelry, 396 Eyeglasses, 398 Miscellaneous Objects, 398 33 Interpretation of Dental Caries, 403 Description of Caries, 403 Detection of Caries, 403 Clinical Examination, 403 Dental Image Examination, 404

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.