Dendritic Cells in Clinics

174 Pages·2004·4.93 MB·English

by  Morikazu Onji M.D., Ph.D. (auth.)

Springer Japan KK
M.Onji
Dendritic Cells
in Clinics
With 28 Figures, Including 9 in Color
Springer
MORIKAZU ONJI, M.D., Ph.D.
Chairperson and Professor
Third Department of Internal Medicine
Ehime University School of Medicine
454 Shitsukawa, Shigenobu-cho, Onsen-gun, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
ISBN 978-4-431-67013-1 ISBN 978-4-431-67011-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-67011-7
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Onji, M. (Morikazu), 1948-
Dendritic cells in dinics / M. Onji.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Dendritic cells. I. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Dendritic Cells-immunology. 2. Dendritic Cells-physiology. QW 568 058d 2004]
QRI85.8.D45054 2004
616.07'9-dc22
2003065717
Printed on acid-free paper
© Morikazu Onji 2004
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2004
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2004
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broad
casting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks.
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence
of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations
and therefore free for general use.
Product liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information ab out drug dosage and appli
cation thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accu
racy by consulting other pharmaceuticalliterature.
Typesetting: SNP Best -set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong
SPIN: 10932490
I dedicate this book to my mentor,
the late Professor Yasuyuki Ohta.
The publication of this work was possible only with
the encouragement and support of my wife, Yoshie.
Foreword
The past decade has seen an exponential growth in basie and applied dendritie ceIl
biology. This rapid expansion in knowledge refiects the extraordinary importance
attached to these rare, uniquely weIl-equipped, antigen-presenting leukocytes as
inducers and regulators of immune reactivity. Their ability to act as sentinels and as
nature's immunologie adjuvants on the one hand, and as instruments of self-tolerance
on the other, refiects a remarkable functional plasticity. A great deal of insight has
recently been gained into the functional diehotomy of dendritie ceIls that appears to
refiect their stage of maturation and their hematopoietic lineage affiliation. Further
more, an increasing number of dendritie ceIl sub sets has been identified in both mice
and humans. Thus, in addition to the classic myeloid dendritic ceIls identified by
Steinman and Cohn in 1973, both Langerhans ceIls (the specialized dendritic ceIls of
the epidermis) and so-caIled plasmacytoid dendritie ceIls have now been weIl char
acterized. Much of the excitement that this evolving and complex pieture of dendritie
ceIl biology has generated is linked to the potential of these cells for treating cancer
and infectious disease and, conversely, for the treatment of adverse immune reactions
(autoimmune disorders, transplant rejection, and allergy). It is fitting that Professor
Onji and his colleagues, Drs. Akbar and Horiike, have written this informative and
timely text for clinicians and basie immunologists. They have been pioneers and
leaders in the study of dendritic cells in relation to liver disease and its therapy. The
book will be especiaIly valuable to those who wish to apprise themselves of the impor
tant translational aspects of dendritic ceIl biology, as discoveries in the laboratory are
applied in the clinic. It is my pleasure to be associated with this book and to write this
foreword.
Angus W. Thomson, Ph.D., D.Sc.
Professor of Surgery and Immunology
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.
October 1,2003
VII
Preface
The year Steinman and Cohn discovered the "modern-day" dendritie ceIl in 1973, I
graduated from medical school. The Ehime University School of Medicine that has pro
vided me with an excellent academic atmosphere for the last 26 years was established
that same year. Significantly for me, 2003 is the 10th anniversary of my becoming pro
fessor and chairperson of the school's Third Department of Internal Medieine. The
publication of Dendritic Cells in Clinics is a personallandmark, reminding me that a
lot of valuable time has passed. To that end, the Alumni Association of the Third Depart
ment of Internal Medicine (known affectionately as the Yellow Orchid Club in English
and as Ourankai in Japanese) has provided all sorts of support for its publication.
The principal aim of this book is to provide comprehensive and up-to-date infor
mation about dendritic-cell research to clinicians and young clinical immunologists,
who encounter these cells either in the laboratory or in patients. Rapid progress has
been made over the last 10 years, and dendritic cells are no longer seen as jockeying
for position as antigen-presenters; rather, they have received universal recognition as
the initiators and regulators of the immune system. They recognize the abnormal, the
non-self, and the dangerous and present small amounts of antigen to the lympho
cytes. Dendritie cells also induce immunogenic tolerance and are at the forefront of
the maintenance of homeostasis by controlling autoimmunity and allergie reactions.
They also playa role in transplantation, with a subset of dendritic cells producing
high amounts of type-l interferon, as weIl as infiuencing the functions of natural killer
cells and macrophages.
My first encounter with the term "dendritie cells" came from a chance observa
tion in 1988, when one of my colleagues, a young doctor, detected hepatitis B surface
antigen on follicular dendritic cells in the lymphoid follicles in the portal areas of pa
tients with chronic hepatitis B. Subsequently, I came to discover antigen-presenting
dendritie cells and became excited about the enormous potential of dendritie ceIls in
clinical immunology, particularly in the context of autoimmune liver diseases and
viral hepatitis. The study of these diseases is both my main research interest and my
life's work.
Dr. Sk. Md. Fazle Akbar, who demonstrated the impaired function of dendritie cells
in hepatitis B virus carriers for his Ph.D. thesis in the early 1990s, was the first of my
colleagues to analyze antigen-presenting dendritie cells. Since then, more than 10 of
us have studied different aspects of dendritic cells in liver and gastrointestinal dis
eases. The manuscripts arising from OUf departmental research about dendritie cells
can be found at the end of the book.
IX
X Preface
It is now possible to get many kinds of dendritic cell from human peripheral
blood, and clinicians are no longer working on the feasibility of dendritic cell-based
therapy, but are busy working toward the qualitative improvement of the therapy
in malignancies, chronic infection, allergic diseases, auto immune diseases, and
transplantation.
I have a tremendous affection for dendritic cens, mainly due to their shape, phe
notypic plasticity, and functional diversity. Their nature resembles the progress of
human civilization in many ways. One of the most important aspects of society is how
we interact with others. Dendritic cells also move around, meeting, encountering, and
interacting with antigens and cells-self and non-self, dangerous and harmful. The
information that dendritic cells receive from these encounters is transmitted to other
immune-system cens. The outcome of these interactions is the growth, activation, and
maturation of dendritic cens and their partners. I am confident that this book will
give readers an opportunity to interact with dendritic cells, which will ultimately lead
to their individual growth and the benefit of humanity in general.
I would like to acknowledge my gratefulness to the President of the Yellow Orchid
Club, Dr. Naofumi Oono, and the 258 active members of the club for their co opera
tion in writing this book and also for their sustained cooperation as I continue inves
tigating dendritic cells.
Ever forward, steady in the wind.
Morikazu Onji, September 2003
Contents
Foreword ...................................................... VII
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . IX
List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII
1. History and Concept of Dendritic Cells ........................... .
2. General Features of Dendritic Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3. Interactions Between Dendritic Cells and Infectious Agents ........... 41
4. Dendritic Cells and Allergy ..................................... 67
5. Dendritic Cells in Autoimmunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6. Dendritic Cells in Tumor Immunology ............................ 95
7. Dendritic Cells in Transplantation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8. Follicular Dendritic Cells ....................................... 139
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Bibliography* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Author and Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
*Includes sources for figure citations
XI
List of Abbreviations
Ab Antibody
ACBP Acyl-CoA-binding protein
AD Atopic dermatitis
Ag Antigen
AIH Autoimmune hepatitis
Anti-BDCA Antibody to blood dendritic ceIl antigen
Anti-HBs Antibody to HBsAg
APC Antigen-presenting ceIl
BAFF B-ceIl activating factor belonging to the TNF family
BCR B-ceIl receptor complex
BDCA Blood dendritic ceIl antigen
CCR CC chemokine receptor
CD Cluster of differentiation
CFA Complete Freund's adjuvant
CH-B Chronic hepatitis B
CH-C Chronic hepatitis C
CLA Cutaneous leukocyte antigen
CLP Common lymphoid progenitor
CMP Common myeloid progenitor
CMV Cytomegalovirus
ConA Concanavalin A
CTL Cytotoxic T lymphocyte
CTLA Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen
CXCR CX chemokine receptor
DC Dendritic ceIl
DC-LAMP Dendritic ceIllysosome-associated membrane protein
DC-SIGN DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin
DDC Dermal dendritic ceIl
DM Diabetes meIlitus
DNA Deoxyribonuclic acid
EBV Epstein-Barr virus
FABP Fatty acid-binding protein
FDC FoIlicular dendritic ceIl
Flt-3L fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor 3 ligand
FXVIIIa Intracytoplasmic trnsglutaminase clotting factor VIlla
XIII