Demonstratives : Form, Function, and Grammaticalization

218 Pages·1999·1.96 MB·English

DEMONSTRATIVES
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TYPOLOGICAL STUDIES IN LANGUAGE (TSL)
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universals of human language via as broadly defined a data base as possible, leaning toward cross-
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Volume 42
Holger Diessel
Demonstratives
Form, function, and grammaticalization
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DEMONSTRATIVES
FORM, FUNCTION, AND
GRAMMATICALIZATION
HOLGER DIESSEL
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY
AMSTERDAM/PHILADELPHIA
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TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
8 American National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Diessel, Holger.
Demonstratives : form, function, and grammaticalization / Holger Diessel.
p. cm. -- (Typological studies in language ISSN 0167-7373 ; v. 42)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Grammar, Comparative and general--Demonstratives. I. Title II. Series.
P299.D46 D54 1999
415 99-046743
ISBN 90 272 2942 2 (Eur.) / 1 55619 656 3 (US) (Hb; alk. paper) CIP
ISBN 90 272 2943 0 (Eur.) / 1 55619 657 1 (US) (Pb; alk. paper)
© 1999 – John Benjamins B.V.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other
means, without written permission from the publisher.
John Benjamins Publishing Co. • P.O.Box 75577 • 1070 AN Amsterdam • The Netherlands
John Benjamins North America • P.O.Box 27519 • Philadelphia PA 19118-0519 • USA
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Chapter 1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Preliminary remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Towards a definition of demonstratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Outline and literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Language sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Chapter 2
Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1 Demonstratives in Guugu Yimidhirr, Ambulas, Ewondo, and Korean . 13
2.1.1 Guugu Yimidhirr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.2 Ambulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.3 Ewondo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1.4 Korean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2 The morphology of demonstratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.1 Demonstrative clitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.2 The inflection of demonstratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.3 Demonstrative stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Chapter 3
Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1 The semantic features of demonstratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1.1 Deictic features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1.2 Qualitative features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1.3 Summary: the semantic features of demonstratives . . . . . . . . 50
3.2 The features of demonstratives: a systematic overview . . . . . . . . . . 50
vi TABLEOFCONTENTS
Chapter 4
Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.1 Demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative determiners . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.1.1 Adnominal demonstrative pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.1.2 Adnominal demonstratives in English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.1.3 Pronominal demonstrative determiners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.1.4 Pronominal and adnominal demonstratives: an overview . . . . 73
4.2 Demonstrative adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.3 Demonstrative identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.3.1 Phonological evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.3.2 Morphological evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Chapter 5
Pragmaticuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.1 The exophoric use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.2 The anaphoric use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.3 The discourse deictic use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.4 The recognitional use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.5 The special status of exophoric demonstratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Chapter 6
Grammaticalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.1 Some general principles of grammaticalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6.2 Criteria for the grammaticalization of demonstratives . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.3 The grammaticalization of pronominal demonstratives . . . . . . . . . . . 119
6.3.1 Third person pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
6.3.2 Relative pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6.3.3 Complementizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
6.3.4 Sentence connectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6.3.5 Possessives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.4 The grammaticalization of adnominal demonstratives . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.4.1 Definite articles and noun class markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.4.2 Linkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.4.3 Boundary markers of postnominal relative clauses/attributes . . 132
6.4.4 Determinatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.4.5 Number markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
6.4.6 Specific indefinite articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
TABLEOFCONTENTS vii
6.5 The grammaticalization of adverbial demonstratives . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.5.1 Temporal adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.5.2 Directional/locational preverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.6 The grammaticalization of identificational demonstratives . . . . . . . . 143
6.6.1 Nonverbal copulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.6.2 Focus markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.6.3 Expletives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.7 The diachronic origin of demonstratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Chapter 7
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
7.1 Major findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
7.2 Future research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Appendix A
Datasources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Appendix B
Theinflectionalfeaturesofpronominaldemonstratives . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
LanguageIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
NameIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
SubjectIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Acknowledgments
This book is a revision of my doctoral dissertation, Demonstratives in Cross-
linguisticandDiachronicPerspective,writtenattheStateUniversityofNewYork
at BuValo. I would like to thank my thesis advisors, Matthew Dryer, Karin
Michelson,Jean-PierreKoenig,andDavidZubinfortheirguidanceandintellectu-
al stimulation. I also would like to acknowledge the support and inspiration that
I received from my friends and fellow graduate students David Kemmerer,
Martha Islas, Wendy Baldwin, Alissa Melinger, Matthew Davidson, David
Houghton, and Cori Grimm. Special thanks goes to Eve Ng, who proofread the
entiremanuscript.Finally,IamverygratefultoNikolausHimmelmannandEdith
Moravcsik, who provided insightful comments on earlier versions of this book.
Parts of Chapter 4 and Chapter 6 first appeared, in diVerent form, in the
following articles and conference papers: “The grammaticalization of demon-
stratives in crosslinguistic perspective”, Chicago Linguistic Society 33 (1997);
“PredicativeDemonstratives”,BerkeleyLinguisticsSociety23(1997)(toappear);
“The morphosyntax of demonstratives in synchrony and diachrony”,Linguistic
Typology 3 (1999). I thank the publishers for permission to include revised
material from these publications in the present monograph.