Demons: Our changing attitudes to alcohol, tobacco, and drugs

303 Pages·2012·23.74 MB·English

by  Virginia Berridge

OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/04/2013, SPi
DEMONS
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/04/2013, SPi
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/04/2013, SPi
DEMONS
Our changing attitudes to alcohol, tobacco, & drugs
VIRGINIA BERRIDGE
3
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/04/2013, SPi
3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
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Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Virginia Berridge 2013
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
First Edition published in 2013
Impression: 1
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2013940971
ISBN 978–0–19–960498–2
Printed in Great Britain by
Clays Ltd, St Ives plc
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This book is the product of many years’ interest—initially in opium
and other drugs in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and subse-
quently in other substances, including alcohol and tobacco. My loca-
tion as an historian in non-historical settings, starting with the
Addiction Research Unit at the Institute of Psychiatry and currently at
the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, have brought
me into contact with non-historical frames of thought, which have
greatly enriched the writing. The time spent as scientifi c secretary of a
cross-research council and government department research initiative
made me aware of policy and I have remained an interested participant
observer in the fi eld.
Many colleagues have infl uenced what is written here, but I am par-
ticularly grateful to Wayne Hall, whose sabbatical taken in the Centre
for History in Public Health in 2012 came just at the right time; to Stu-
art Anderson for his helpful connections with historians of pharmacy
in Europe; and to Jane Falconer from the LSHTM library for bringing
me up to speed with search techniques. Other colleagues, among them
Robin Room and Alex Mold, helped with references and advice. Alex
also acted as reader of the semi fi nal text and made helpful comments
and suggestions. My role as leader of a work package on ‘addiction
through the ages’, part of the EU’s Framework 7 programme on addic-
tion and lifestyles, helped to open my eyes to European perspectives in
a fi eld that is often dominated by the Anglo-American. My involve-
ment in both historical and substance networks has been helpful. Here
I should mention the Alcohol and Drugs History Society, the Society
for the Study of Addiction and the International Society for the Study
of Drug Policy. Many funders have supported work which feeds into
the book, among them the Economic and Social Research Council, the
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/04/2013, SPi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Joseph Rowntree Foundation, the Alcohol and Education Research
Council (now Alcohol Research UK), and the Nuffi eld Trust (formerly
the Nuffi eld Provincial Hospitals Trust). Particular thanks go to the
Wellcome Trust, which supported my post at a crucial period and
which has given invaluable support to the Centre for History in Public
Health.
I have used the open access resources of the Wellcome library in the
course of writing this book: the Centre’s Tavistock Place location could
not be better for visiting that Euston Road treasure trove. Senate House
Library is also an invaluable local asset, both for books and for online
journals.
I am grateful to my editors and to the team at Oxford University
Press: Luciana O’Flaherty who originally suggested the idea of a book
with a different title and framework; and in particular Latha Menon,
whose astute advice on structure helped make sense of a host of poten-
tial avenues, and whose continuing hands-on involvement has
improved the end product. Emma Marchant (now Ma) helped to nudge
the text through and Sophie Basilevitch provided excellent support in
picture research. As always, Ingrid James has been a great support in
the Centre offi ce; and my family and friends make sure there are plenty
of things other than drugs to think about.
vi
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CONTENTS
List of Illustrations i x
1 Introduction: Past and Present 1
2 Culture: Drugs for All 14
3 Social Movements: Temperance 3 6
4 The Professionals: Doctors and Pharmacists 55
5 Fear: Dens and Degeneration 77
6 Economics and Technology: The Role of Industry 96
7 Internationalism and War 117
8 Mass Culture and Subculture 143
9 The New Public Health 1 65
10 Convergence or Divergence? 1 88
Public Health and Neuroscience
11 Hedonism or Control? 213
1 2 A fterword: History and the Future 2 44
Notes 248
Further Reading 2 65
Index 2 75
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OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/04/2013, SPi
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1. Lancet 2007 ranking of substance harms 2
Reprinted from The Lancet , 369, D. Nutt et al.,
‘Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of
drugs of potential misuse’, 1047–53
© 2007 with permission from Elsevier
2. William Wilberforce, opium addict 28
© Georgios Kollidas/Shutterstock
3. Cruikshanks ‘The Bottle’ 42
The Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
(Johnson b. 108, Plate 6). Entitled T he Bottle, plate VI
from ‘Fearful Quarrels and Brutal Violence
Are the Natural Consequences of the Frequent
Use of the Bottle’, 1848, by George Cruikshank
4. Chemist’s shop with advertisements for tobacco 75
in the window
© Royal Pharmaceutical Society Museum
5. The popular image of the ‘opium den’ 80
The Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
(Johnson b.83/10). Taken from O pium Smoking :
The Lascar’s Room in Edwin Drood, 1872, by Gustave Doré
6. Sir Malcolm Delevingne 135
© Topfoto