Democratization and Civilian Control in Asia PDF
Preview Democratization and Civilian Control in Asia
The Palgrave Macmillan Democratization and Civilian Control in Asia Aurel Croissant David Kuehn Philip Lorenz and Paul W. Chambers CriticalStudiesoftheAsiaPacificSeries SeriesEditor:MarkBeeson,WinthropProfessorofPoliticalScienceandInternational StudiesattheUniversityofWesternAustralia Critical Studies of the Asia Pacific showcases new research and scholarship on what isarguablythemostimportantregionintheworldinthetwenty-firstcentury. The riseofChinaandthecontinuingstrategicimportanceofthisdynamiceconomicarea to the United States mean that the Asia Pacific will remain crucially important to policymakersandscholarsalike.Theunifyingthemeoftheseriesisadesiretopublish the best theoretically informed, original research on the region. Titles in the series cover the politics, economics and security of the region, as well as focussing on its institutionalprocesses,individualcountries,issuesandleaders. Titlesinclude: StephenAris EURASIANREGIONALISM TheShanghaiCooperationOrganisation ThomasBirtchnell INDOVATION InnovationandaGlobalKnowledgeEconomyinIndia TobyCarroll DELUSIONSOFDEVELOPMENT TheWorldBankandthePost-WashingtonConsensusinSoutheastAsia AurelCroissantandMarcoBunte(editors) THECRISISOFDEMOCRATICGOVERNANCEINSOUTHEASTASIA ShaharHameiri REGULATINGSTATEHOOD StateBuildingandtheTransformationoftheGlobalOrder LeeJones ASEAN,SOVEREIGNTYANDINTERVENTIONINSOUTHEASTASIA HiroKatsumata ASEAN’SCOOPERATIVESECURITYENTERPRISE NormsandInterestsinaRegionalForum JikonLai FINANCIALCRISISANDINSTITUTIONALCHANGEINEASTASIA ArndtMichael INDIA’SFOREIGNPOLICYANDREGIONALMULTILATERALISM ErikPaul OBSTACLESTODEMOCRATIZATIONINSOUTHEASTASIA AStudyoftheNation-State,RegionalandGlobalOrder JoelRathus JAPAN,CHINAANDNETWORKEDREGIONALISMINEASTASIA SowKeatTok MANAGINGCHINA’SSOVEREIGNTYINHONGKONGANDTAIWAN WilliamTowandRikkiKersten(editors) BILATERALPERSPECTIVESONREGIONALSECURITY Australia,JapanandtheAsia-PacificRegion BarryWain MALAYSIANMAVERICK MahathirMohamadinTurbulentTimes MikaelWeissmann THEEASTASIANPEACE ConflictPreventionandInformalPeacebuilding RobertG.WirsingandEhsanAhrari(editors) FIXINGFRACTUREDNATIONS TheChallengeofEthnicSeparatismintheAsia-Pacific RobertG.Wirsing,ChristopherJasparroandDanielC.Stoll INTERNATIONALCONFLICTOVERWATERRESOURCESINHIMALAYANASIA AurelCroissant,DavidKuehn,PhilipLorenzandPaulW.Chambers DEMOCRATIZATIONANDCIVILIANCONTROLINASIA CriticalStudiesoftheAsiaPacificSeries SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–230–22896–2(Hardback) 978–0–230–22897–9(Paperback) (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacingastanding order.Pleasecontactyourbookselleror,incaseofdifficulty,writetousattheaddress belowwithyournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesandtheISBNsquotedabove. CustomerServicesDepartment,MacmillanDistributionLtd,Houndmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS,England Democratization and Civilian Control in Asia Aurel Croissant Professor,InstituteofPoliticalScience,HeidelbergUniversity,Germany David Kuehn ResearchFellow,InstituteofPoliticalScience,HeidelbergUniversity,Germany Philip Lorenz Lecturer,InstituteofPoliticalScience,HeidelbergUniversity,Germany and Paul W. Chambers DirectorofResearchandLecturer,InstituteofSoutheastAsianAffairs,FacultyofPolitical Science,ChiangMaiUniversity,ChiangMai,ThailandandResearchFellow,German InstituteofGlobalandAreaStudies,Hamburg,Germany ©AurelCroissant,DavidKuehn,PhilipLorenzandPaulW.Chambers2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-0-230-28533-0 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2013by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-33052-2 ISBN 978-1-137-31927-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137319272 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 Contents ListofIllustrations vi Acknowledgments vii ListofAbbreviations xi Introduction 1 Part I ConceptualandTheoreticalPerspectives 1 ConceptualizingCivilianControloftheMilitary 21 2 ExplainingCivilianControloftheMilitaryinNew Democracies 42 Part II DemocratizationandCivil–MilitaryRelations inAsia 3 SouthKorea:PurgesandPresidentialPrerogatives 59 4 Taiwan:FromMartialLawtoCivilianControl 79 5 Indonesia:TheDemocratizationofPersonalControl 97 6 Bangladesh:FromMilitarizedPoliticstoPoliticizedMilitary 118 7 ThePhilippines:Civil–MilitarySymbiosisundertheVeneerof CivilianRule 136 8 Thailand:CivilianControlDeterred 156 9 Pakistan:Military-GuidedTransitionstoElectedGovernment andtheFailureofCivilianControl 175 Part III ComparativePerspectives 10 Conclusion:Contours,Causes,andConsequencesofCivilian Control 197 Notes 215 Bibliography 223 NameIndex 260 SubjectIndex 262 v Illustrations Figures I.1 FrequencyofmilitaryregimesandmilitarycoupsinAsia, 1950–2011 5 I.2 Varietiesofcivil–militaryrelationsinAsia(asof2010) 7 1.1 Numberofattemptedandsuccessfulmilitarycoups, 1950–February2011 22 1.2 ThefivepartialregimesofEmbeddedDemocracy 24 1.3 Thefivedecision-makingareasofcivil–militaryrelations 26 2.1 Frameworkforexplainingciviliancontrolinemerging democracies 55 3.1 (Retired)militaryofficersinthecabinetandlegislature, 1948–2004(inpercent) 61 4.1 RepresentationofthemilitaryinKMTleadership,1952–88(in percent) 82 5.1 TrendsinMilitaryExpendituresinIndonesia,2002–2012 108 6.1 OrganizationalstructureandmilitarizationofBangladesh’s securitysector 124 6.2 Bangladesh’sparticipationinUNpeacekeepingmissions, 1990–2010 127 7.1 TrendsinmilitaryexpendituresinthePhilippines,1980–2010 142 7.2 TroopstrengthoftheCCP–NPA,1969–2010 144 8.1 Ratioofmilitaryrepresentationinsenateandcabinetin Thailand,1932–2008 160 8.2 TrendsinmilitaryexpendituresinThailand,1980–2010 161 9.1 DefensebudgetandbudgetallocationinPakistan,1982–2009 180 9.2 USaidandassistancetoPakistan,1948–2010 182 Tables 1.1 Areasandindicatorsofciviliancontrol 29 2.1 Mechanismsandstrategiesofcivil–militarychange 49 5.1 AveragemilitaryrepresentationinIndonesiancabinets, 1967–2011 102 5.2 MilitaryrepresentationintheDPR,1971–2014 110 10.1 Distributionofdecision-makingpowerbetweencivilians andmilitaryovertime 199 10.2 Prevalentstrategiesofciviliancontrol 203 vi Acknowledgments This book is the result of the collaborative research project ‘Democratic Transformation and Civilian Control of the Military: Comparing New Democracies in Northeast, Southeast, and South Asia’, hosted by the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, and headed by Aurel Croissant and SubrataK.Mitra.SincethestartoftheresearchinNovember2008,wehave accumulatedalonglistofpeopleandinstitutionswhohavecontributedto the project’s success through its various stages. Unfortunately, we can only nameafewofthemhere. Firstandforemost,wearegratefulforthefinancialsupportoftheGerman Research Foundation (DFG). The DFG research grant (CR 128/4-1) has pro- videdthebackboneofourfundingandmadethisbookpossible,enablingus to conduct field research and more than 90 interviews in the seven coun- tries that are the focus of this study. We also received generous support from the Fritz-Thyssen-Foundation in Cologne that allowed us to host a workshop in Heidelberg in October 2010 to present some of the ideas con- tainedinthisbook.AurelCroissanthadtheopportunitytodiscusssomeof the project’s results at research seminars at the National Taiwan University (NTU) in Taipei and at the East Asia Institute in Seoul, as well as during a six-weekPOSCOFellowshipattheEast-WestCenterinHonoluluduringthe summer of 2011. We are very grateful for the hospitality of the East Asia InstituteandYoung-hwanShinandtheEastWestCenter,especiallyCarolyn EnoguchiandDennyRoy. Earlyversionsofourconceptualandtheoreticalframeworksaswellasthe countrystudieshavebeendiscussedwithstudentsatHeidelbergUniversity during several master-level seminars between 2009 and 2011 and at NTU. Conference presentations and discussions with esteemed colleagues pro- videdinvaluablefeedbackandnewperspectivesonourideas.Inparticular, wewouldliketothanktheparticipantsoftheworkshopon‘Civil–Military Relations and Democratic Stress’ at the Chulalongkorn University’s Insti- tute of Security and International Studies (ISIS) in Bangkok and at the ECPR General Conference in Potsdam, both in 2009, and the 2011 con- ferences of ERGOMAS in Amsterdam and IUS in Chicago. We are most grateful for comments and suggestions, especially from Thomas Bruneau, DavidPion-Berlin,Sang-youngRhyu,YorkW.Chen,RenatoCruzdeCastro, Helena Carreiras, Ukrist Pathmanand, Ejaz Hussain, Harold Trinkunas, Bob Springborg,MarcusMietzner,MoonChung-in,andThitinanPongsudhirak. Chapter1inthisbookbuildsonresearchthathaspreviouslybeenpublished vii viii Acknowledgments as ‘The fallacy of coup-ism’ in the journal Democratization (5/2010); and some of our results were previously reported in the East-West Center Policy Study 63 (2012), ‘Breaking with the past? Civil–military relations in the emergingdemocraciesofEastAsia’. Marc Saxer provided helpful suggestions for the Thailand chapter and Ejaz Hussain and Smruti Pattanaik were so kind as to read and comment on drafts of the chapters on Bangladesh and Pakistan. Their help is much appreciated.WeareespeciallygratefultoSiegfriedO.Wolf,whoconducted all field research and interviews in Bangladesh and Pakistan for the book. All those who agreed to generously share their precious time and insights and gave us interviews have greatly helped advance our understanding of civil–military relations in the various countries. Our list of intellectual and personal debt covers former and current government officials, parliamen- tarians, and military officers as well as fellow social scientists, civil-society activists,andjournalists.Theyallhaveourmostheartfeltgratitudeforhelp- ing us realize this book. In Taiwan, the Institute of International Relations (IIR) at National Cheng-chih University in Taipei offered institutional affil- iation and a warm welcome. We are particularly indebted to Prof. Arthur S.Ding,whogenerouslysharedhistimeandknowledgeandopenedmany doors into the world of Taiwan’s civil–military relations. Special thanks go to Gen (ret.) Tang Fei, Prof. Chen Ching-pu, Prof. York W. Chen, Prof. Fu- kuo Liu, Prof. Dr Werner Pfennig, Prof. Hsiao-shih Cheng, Dr Winston Li, JimmyChuang,andWendellMinnickallofwhomhavemadeoutstanding contributionstothesuccessofthefieldtriptoTaiwan. In Korea, our thanks go to the Graduate School of International Studies atYonseiUniversityforprovidingafriendlyandinspiringworkatmosphere during the stay in Seoul. Heartfelt thanks go to Prof. Chung-in Moon and Prof. Chong-min Park, an anonymous colleague at the Korean Institute for DefenseAffairsandDrWernerKamppeter,fromwhosededicationandsup- portourresearchinKoreahasprofitedininnumerableways.Wealsowould like to express our special gratitude to Dr Insoo Kim, Dr Sung-soo Kim, Dr ThomasKalinowski,Prof.BrendanHowe,Prof.CarlSaxer,Obersti.G.Rainer Schwickart, Prof. Terence Roehrig, and Dr Bernhard Seliger, without whom fieldresearchinSeoulwouldhavebeenmuchlessfruitful. In Indonesia, Gadjah Mada University kindly gave us their institutional backing. Thanks to the Propatria Institute we could observe the discussion ofseveraldraftlawsonthesecuritysectorataseriesofworkshops.KontraS, Imparsial and IDSPS shared their insights into the workings of Indonesian civilsociety.Individualthanksfortheirgeneroustimeandadviceisdueto Prof. Pratikno of Gadjah Mada University, Hari Prihatono, and Kusnanto Anggoro of Propatria, Evan Laksmana, Iisgindarsah, Sidratahtar Muhtar, Artanti Wardhani at the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Jakarta, Fitri Bintang Timur, then at IDSPS in Jakarta, Monica Tanuhandaru of Air Putih, and finally Lt Gen. (ret.) Bambang Darmono. Also, during his PhD studies at Acknowledgments ix Heidelberg University, Mada Sukmajati immensely helped prepare for field researchinIndonesia. In Bangladesh we gratefully received the institutional support of the Department of Government & Politics at Jahangirnagar University in Savar/Dhaka and the Bangladesh Institute of International and Strategic StudiesinDhaka.InadditionwewouldliketothankDrK.M.Mahiduddin and Dr Abdul Latif Masum at Jahangirnagar University in Dhaka, Shariful IslamatBegumRokeyaUniversity,andShahM.NazmulAlam. In the Philippines, we gladly thank for the support we received from Dr Rommel Banlaoi, his Excellency Rosario Gonzalez-Manalo, Cmdr. Eric Ramos, Senator Antonio Trillanes IV., Mirko Herberg, Siegfried Herzog, and Col Daniel Lucero. At the University of the Philippines we are grateful to Dr Rosalie Arcala Hall, Herman Joseph Kraft, Dr Clarita Carlos, Katherine MarieG.Hernandez,andDrRaymondQuilop;atAteneodeManilaUniver- sity to Leslie Adyincula Lopez and Jennifer Santiago Oreta. At De La Salle University we would like to thank Dr Renato Cruz de Castro and Dr Julio Teehankee; at the National Defense College of the Philippines we thank DrNestorPilar,DrGabbyLopez,andCdreCarlosAgustin. In Thailand, we are glad to acknowledge the institutional support and warm welcome we received from the Institute of Security and Interna- tional Studies (ISIS) at Chulalongkorn University, Payap University, and Naresuan University during our studies. We would like to thank for the helpprovidedbyGen.BoonsrangNiempradit,LtGen.PeerapongManakit, Gen. Lertrat Ratanavanich, and three anonymous military officers, for- mer Prime Minister Chuan Leekpai, Dr Chris Baker, Hakuan Choopen of Sripatum University, and Kraisak Choonhavan. At Payap University in Chiang Mai, we would like to thank Dr Chaiyan Rajchagool, Dr Mark TamthaiandDrNapisaWaitoolkiat.Finally,atChulalongkornUniversityin Bangkok Dr Panitan Wattanayagorn, Dr Suchit Bunbongkarn, Dr Thitinan Pongsudhirak, and Dr Ukrist Pathmanand all helped and supported us greatly. In Pakistan, we are grateful for the support provided by the local office of the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, the Department of Defence and Strategic StudiesatQuaid-i-AzamUniversity,andthePakistanInstituteofLegislative DevelopmentandTransparency,allinIslamabad.Apartfromtheinvaluable helpHeidelberg’sNaveedSyedprovidedasaresearchassistantinthecoun- try,wewouldliketothankSyedKhurshidPervez,OberstleutnantKlausWolf at the German Embassy in Islamabad, Dr Pervez Iqbal Cheema at National Defence University in Islamabad, and Dr Babak Khalatbari at the Konrad AdenauerStiftunginIslamabad. At the Institute of Political Science at Heidelberg University we count ourselves very lucky to work in a productive and collegial atmosphere and for that, thank all our colleagues here. Our graduate students Arisa Ratanapinsiri, Stephan Großkopf, Sabine Mohammed, Tanja Eschenauer,
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