Democratization

513 Pages·2019·13.452 MB·English

by  Christian Welzel, Ronald F. Inglehart, Christian Haerpfer (editor), Patrick Bernhagen (editor)

THE MOST COMPLETE AND AUTHORITATIVE TEXTBOOK
ON DEMOCRATIZATION
Democratization provides insightful coverage of all important aspects of contemporary
democratization, including theories, actors, dynamics, and real-world developments.
lt brings together leading experts from a range of international backgrounds, including
some of the best-known names in the field, making it an invaluable resource for students
of democratization.
NEW TO THIS EDITION: :t\n important and brilliant book
which will be essential reading
• A new chapter on social media highlights this
for students and scholars of
important new dynamic in democratization.
democracy and democratization ·
• New chapters on Post-Communist Europe
and the Post-Soviet Space demonstrate the Yosef Kamal lbssa. Univers1ty of Copenhagen
significant changes and developments in these
ABOUT THE EDITORS:
regions in recent years.
Christian Haerpfer is Professor
• Updates throughout the text reflect dramatic
of Sociology at the United Arab
developments in world politics since the
Emirates University.
publication of the first edition, including the
aftermath of the Arab Spring, and autocratizing Patrick Bernhagen is Professor
tendencies in various regions of the world. of Comparative Politics at the
University of Stuttgart.
• lncreased coverage of resilient authoritarianism
highlights this key area of contemporary debate. Christian Welzel is Professor for
Political Culture Research at Leuphan
• An expanded glossary helps you to develop your
University of Lüneburg.
technical vocabulary in this complex field of study.
Ronald F. lnglehart is Professor
of Political Science at the University
~ online resources
of Michigan.
~ - www.oup.com/uk/haerpfer2e/
This textbook is supported by a range of online resources
designed to help you take your learning further. Co\.,.er 1ma.9es r r~1c, ,:) S!ock com Lai'-"",~' _1:_
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OXFORD
ISBN 978-0-19-873228-0
UNIVERSITY PRESS
III 11 1111 1111111111
9 780198 732280
www.oup.com
Democratization
SECOND EDITION
Christian W. Haerpfer
Patrick Bernhagen
Christian Welzel
Ronald F. lnglehart
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
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and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Oxford University Press 2019
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
First edition 2009
Impression: 3
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Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2018959888
ISBN 978---0--19-873228-0
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contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
\
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Preface and Acknowledgements
to the First Edition
Since the global wave of democratization peaked in the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet
Union, the subject has become of crucial concern for any attempt of understanding the contem
porary political world. Consequently, over the past ten years, courses on democratization have
established themselves as core components of a large, and increasing, number of undergraduate
and postgraduate curricula in politics and international relations. At the same time, the availability
of high-quality textbooks in that field has been very limited.
The idea for a new book to fill this gap first surfaced in a conversation between the editors and
Ruth Anderson at Oxford University Press in October 2006. They agreed that an introductory text
that would introduce students to the theoretical and practical dimensions of democratization in
an accessible and systematic way has been lacking for quite some time. Bringing together leading
authors from diverse international backgrounds, including some of the best known names in the
field, as well as younger scholars, they decided to produce the present book. The resulting text treats
in a single volume all important aspects of contemporary democratization, including theories of
democratization, critical prerequisites and driving forces of democratic transition, pivotal actors,
and institutions, and the conditions and challenges for the consolidation of new democracies,
including the analysis of failed democratization. To demonstrate how all these factors have affected
democratization around the world, we decided that all major world regions should be covered, and
we included cases of successful democratic consolidation as well as countries in which the future
of democracy remains highly uncertain.
In the process of writing and editing this book, we have incurred great debt to an even greater
number of people-too many to list in detail. But we would like to particularly acknowledge the
help of Ecaterina McDonagh, who has been responsible for creating the Online Resource Centre
supporting the book. Of course we also thank all our contributors for fitting their expertise into
the general framework of this book. Thanks are also due to Ruth Anderson, Suzy Armitage, and
Thomas Sigel, who have been patient and supportive at different stages of the process.
The contribution of Christian W. Haerpfer to this volume has been supported by a Woodrow
Wilson Fellowship of the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian and Ukrainian Studies in
Washington DC, and by the CINEFOGO network under the Sixth Framework Programme of the
European Union. The University of Aberdeen has been very supportive of this project and facilitated
the participation of five scholars from its Department of Politics and International Relations as
editors and/ or authors. We are also grateful to a considerable number of anonymous reviewers
whose comments early on in the process were immensely helpful in improving the structure and
content of this book. Needless to say, we are solely responsible for any remaining errors.
The Editors (Aberdeen, Ann Arbor, and Bremen) 2009
Preface and Acknowledgements
to the Second Edition
At the time of this writing, almost ten years have passed since the first edition of this volume. Dur
ing this time, we have witnessed the Color Revolutions and the Arab Spring, followed by a reverse
wave of democratization, rising authoritarianism, democratic backsliding, and electoral triumphs
of right-wing populism. This recent tum of events has nourished a new pessimism about the pros
pects of democracy and a general sense of democracy in crisis. Coping with this change of the
academic and public mood prompted us to thoroughly re-write the introductory and concluding
chapters of this volume. Likewise, all authors of the first edition have profoundly updated and
where necessary-modified their chapters, in recognition of the newly emerging sense of crisis.
Furthermore, we have recruited new authors to cover aspects in the context of democratization
(and autocratization) that require more attention. Above all, this holds true for Larry Diamond's
chapter on the role of the new media and the Internet. Furthermore, Christian Haerpfer's chapter
on the post-communist world has been divided into two separate chapters for Central/Eastern
Europe, on one hand, and the post-Soviet space, on the other. The glossary and references have also
been thoroughly updated.
In acknowledgement of all authors' formidable contributions to this second edition of
Democratization, we wish to express at this occasion our deep and sincere gratitude-in the hope
that a third edition will tum back to a more optimistic outlook on democracy. Last but not least,
our sense of sincere gratitude extends to our enormously competent and helpful editor at Oxford
University Press, Francesca Walker-thank you, indeed.
Key parts of the research embodied in Christian Welzel's contribution to this edition in Chapters
1, 2, and 9 have been funded by the Russian Academic Excellence Project '5-100'.
The Editors (Ann Arbor, Lilneburg and Moscow; Stuttgart, and Vienna) 2018

Brief Contents
How to use this book xxii
How to use the online resources xxiv
About the Editors XXV
About the Contributors xxvi
Introduction
Christian Welzel, Ronald lnglehart, Patrick Bernhagen, and Christian W. Haerpfer
PART ONE Theoretical and Historical Perspectives 19
2 Theories of Democratization 21
Christian Welzel
3 Democratic and Undemocratic States 40
Richard Rose
4 Measuring Democracy and Democratization 52
Patrick Bernhagen
5 Long Waves and Conjunctures of Democratization 67
Dirk Berg-Schlosser
6 The Global Wave of Democratization 82
John MarkDff and Daniel Burridge
PART TWO Causes and Dimensions of Democratization IOI
7 The International Context 103
Hakan Yilmaz
8 The Political Economy of Democracy 119
Patrick Bernhagen
9 Political Culture, Mass Beliefs, and Value Change 134
Christian Welzel and Ronald F. lnglehart
I O Gender and Democratization 158
Pamela Paxton and Kristopher Velasco
x Brief Contents
I I Social Capital and Civil Society 171
Natalia Letki
12 Social Movements and Contention in Democratization Processes 182
Federico M. Rossi and Donate/la de/la Porta
PART THREE Actors and Institutions 195
13 Conventional Citizen Participation 197
Ian McAllister and Stephen White
14 Political Parties 212
Leonardo Morlino
15 Institutional Design in New Democracies 228
Matthijs Bogaards
16 The Media 239
Katrin Voltmer and Gary Rawnsley
17 Social Media 253
Larry Diamond and Zak Whittington
18 A Decade of Democratic Decline and Stagnation 267
Laura Jakli, M. Steven Fish, and Jason Wittenberg
PART FOUR Regions of Democratization 283
19 Southern Europe 285
Richard Gunther
20 Latin America 305
Andrea Oelsner and Mervyn Bain
21 Post-Communist Central and Eastern Europe 322
Christian W. Haerpfer and Kseniya Kizilova
22 Post-Soviet Eurasia 341
Christian W. Haerpfer and Kseniya Kizilova
23 The Middle East and North Africa 364
Francesco Cavatorta
24 Sub-Saharan Africa 384
Michael Bratton
25 East Asia 401
Doh Chu/I Shin and Rollin F. Tusa/em
Brief Contents xi
PART FIVE Conclusions and Outlook 421
26 Conclusion: The Future of Democratization 423
Christian Welzel, Ronald lnglehart, Patrick Bernhagen, and Christian W. Haerpfer
Glossary 432
Bibliography 440
Index 476