Democratic Trajectories in Africa: Unravelling the Impact of Foreign Aid PDF
Preview Democratic Trajectories in Africa: Unravelling the Impact of Foreign Aid
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,7/10/2013,SPi Democratic Trajectories in Africa OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,7/10/2013,SPi UNUWorldInstituteforDevelopmentEconomicsResearch(UNU-WIDER)wasestab- lished by the United Nations University as its first research and training centre and startedworkinHelsinki,Finland,in1985.Thepurposeoftheinstituteistoundertake applied research and policy analysis on structural changes affecting developing and transitional economies, to provide a forum for the advocacy of policies leading to robust, equitable, andenvironmentally sustainable growth, and to promote capacity strengtheningandtraininginthefieldofeconomicandsocialpolicymaking.Itswork iscarriedoutbystaffresearchersandvisitingscholarsinHelsinkiandvianetworksof collaboratingscholarsandinstitutionsaroundtheworld. UnitedNationsUniversityWorldInstituteforDevelopmentEconomicsResearch (UNU-WIDER) Katajanokanlaituri6B,00160Helsinki,Finland <www.wider.unu.edu> OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,7/10/2013,SPi Democratic Trajectories in Africa Unravelling the Impact of Foreign Aid Edited by Danielle Resnick and Nicolas van de Walle A study prepared by the United Nations University World Institute for DevelopmentEconomicsResearch(UNU-WIDER) 1 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,7/10/2013,SPi 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries #UnitedNationsUniversity-WorldInstituteforDevelopmentEconomics Research(UNU-WIDER)2013 Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2013 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable ISBN 978–0–19–968628–5 Asprintedandboundby CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,7/10/2013,SPi Foreword Sub-Saharan Africa is an increasingly dynamic region of the world, experi- encingimpressivegrowthratesoverthelastdecade.Yet,despitevastnatural resource discoveries and the emergence of a small but growing middle class, foreign aid continues to represent a vital source of finance for a number of African governments. As a consequence, foreign aid still plays a role in shaping not only economic development outcomes but also certain govern- ancetrajectories. This edited volume provides a fresh perspective on a critical aspect of governance in Africa: democratization. Although a rich literature exists on therelationshipbetweenaidanddemocracy,thisvolumeofferstwoimport- ant innovations. First, the authors acknowledge that foreign aid is a multi- facetedresourcewithdisparateobjectives.Accordingly,theydifferentiatethe influenceofeconomicdevelopmentaidanddemocracyassistanceondemoc- racy.Second,theauthorsviewdemocracyasaprocessconsistingnotonlyof transitionsawayfromauthoritarianism,butalsoofconsolidatingdemocratic gains.Thesetwoanalyticalinnovationsarebolsteredbychaptersthatcollect- ivelyusequantitativeandqualitativemethods,includingrecentfieldworkin seven African countries. The nuanced findings offer an important contribu- tiontothescholarshiponaideffectivenessanddemocracypromotion. I would like to express my sincere thanks to the editors, Danielle Resnick andNicolasvandeWalle,fortheirprofessionalskillsinbringingthistopical researchworktofruitionforourfurtherreflectionontheimpactanddesignof foreignaid. Incompletingtheresearchthatcomprisesthisvolume,UNU-WIDERgrate- fullyacknowledgesspecificprogrammecontributionsfromthegovernments ofDenmark(MinistryofForeignAffairs,Danida)andSweden(SwedishInter- nationalDevelopmentCooperationAgency—Sida)fortheResearchandCom- munication(ReCom)programme. FinnTarp Director,UNU-WIDER Helsinki,January2013 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,7/10/2013,SPi Acknowledgements Writingandcompilingthiseditedvolumeonaidanddemocracyhasentailed substantial effort by a dedicated group of political scientists who remained committed to this project despite other pressing obligations. The authors of each chapter initially presented their research to each other during a small workshop held in Helsinki in August 2011, which is when many common threadsthroughoutouranalysesgraduallybecameapparent.Throughsubse- quent interactions, each author refined his/her analysis to help the book’s mainfindingsbecomefurthercrystallized.Weareextremelygratefulforallof theauthors’dedication,insights,andenthusiasmtocontinuerevisitingtheir chaptersbasedonourfeedbackandthoseofothers. Much of the content of the seven African case studies would have proved impossible without the co-operation of various donor agencies, diplomats, civil society organizations, African civil servants, and African parliamentar- ians. In some cases, these individuals are cited by name in the subsequent chapters while in others, they chose to remain anonymous. In all cases, the authors are highly appreciative that such individuals took time out of their busyschedulestosharetheirinsightsabouttheimpactsofaidondemocracy inthosecountriesinwhichtheyworkandlive.Insomeinstances,conducting suchprimaryresearchwasfacilitatedbyindustriousresearchassistants,whose effortsareacknowledgedaccordinglyintherelevantchapters. We also thank the feedback received by participants at a variety of fora, includingataResearchandCommunicationonForeignAid(ReCom)meeting at the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida) in Stockholm, a seminar with members of the governance group at Denmark’s International DevelopmentAgency(Danida)inCopenhagen,aroundtablediscussionwith researchers at the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) in London, and a workshopwithdonorsandcivilsocietymembersinAccra,Ghana.Alongwith the thoughtful comments from three anonymous reviewers, this feedback undoubtedly strengthened the volume and forced us to revisit certain assumptions. This volume would not have come to fruition without the incredible sup- port of certain key individuals at Oxford University Press (OUP) and the United Nations University-World Institute for Development Economics OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,7/10/2013,SPi Acknowledgements Research(UNU-WIDER).Inparticular,AdamSwallowatOUPprovidedinitial enthusiasm for the topic and helped guide the book through the review process. Finn Tarp and Tony Addison, director and deputy director at UNU- WIDER, respectively, provided much-needed encouragement throughout all stagesofthisproject.WealsoappreciatetheeffortsofLiisaRoponenandRos McDonnell,whohelpededitsomeofthebook’schapters.Finally,alargedebt of gratitude goes to Janis Vehmaan-Kreula, whose patience and keen eye for detail helped ensure consistency across all the chapters, and Lorraine Telfer- Taivainen,whokeptusonscheduletoensurethatthevolumewasontrackfor publication. Due to both our own efforts and those acknowledged here, we hope that thisvolumeaccuratelycapturessomeofthekeyacademicandpolicydebates surroundingforeignaidanddemocracyandthatitoffersthefoundationsfor furtherdebateandreflectiononthishighlyimportanttopic. DanielleResnickandNicolasvandeWalle Helsinki,January2013 vii OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,7/10/2013,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,7/10/2013,SPi Contents ListofFigures xi ListofTables xii NotesonContributors xiv MapofAfrica xvi 1. Introduction:WhyAidandDemocracy?WhyAfrica? 1 DanielleResnickandNicolasvandeWalle 2. DemocratizationinAfrica:WhatRoleforExternalActors? 28 DanielleResnickandNicolasvandeWalle 3. ForeignAidandDemocraticDevelopmentinAfrica 56 SimoneDietrichandJosephWright 4. ForeignAidinDangerousPlaces:TheDonorsandMali’s Democracy 87 NicolasvandeWalle 5. TwoStepsForward,OneStepBack:TheLimitsofForeign AidonMalawi’sDemocraticConsolidation 110 DanielleResnick 6. TheChangingDynamicsofForeignAidandDemocracyin Mozambique 139 CarrieManningandMonicaMalbrough 7. DonorAssistanceandPoliticalReforminTanzania 170 AiliMariTripp 8. ForeignAidandDemocraticConsolidationinZambia 200 LiseRakner 9. BeyondElectoralDemocracy:ForeignAidandtheChallenge ofDeepeningDemocracyinBenin 228 MamoudouGazibo
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