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Democratic Governance in Taiwan This book employs a policy-based approach to examine the emerging governance structure in Taiwan, one of several countries in East Asia where democratic consolidation is firmly established. Each chapter provides a detailed investigation of reforms that have helped to strengthen Taiwan’s democracy in such areas as elections, civil service recruitment, economic policy, social policy, environmental protection, civil rights, response to the COVID-19 pandemic, civil–military relations, and foreign and mainland China policy. As a study of Taiwan’s democratic governance, this book will be of interest to students and scholars of Asian politics, comparative politics, democracy, and Taiwan. John Fuh-sheng Hsieh is a Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of South Carolina, USA. Robert Henry Cox is a Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of South Carolina, USA. Routledge Studies on Comparative Asian Politics Books in this series will cover such areas as political institutions and systems, political economy, political culture, political thought, political psychology, public administration, law, and political histories of Asia. The studies may deal with Asia as a whole, a single country, or a group of countries in Asia. Those studies that have a clear comparative edge are especially welcome. The series is edited by Shiping Hua, the Calvin and Helen Lang Distinguished Chair in Asian Studies, Director of the Asian Studies Program and Professor of Political Science at the University of Louisville, USA. The Editorial Board: Alice Ba, University of Delaware, USA Mark Beeson, University of Murdoch, Australia Jennifer Bussell, University of California at Berkeley, USA William Callahan, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK Nobuhiro Hiwatari, University of Tokyo, Japan Jia Qingguo, Peking University, China Jin Canrong, Renmin University, China David Kang, University of Southern California, USA Peter Moody, Notre Dame University, USA Mariya Y. Omelicheva, University of Kansas, USA Naveed Sheikh, University of Keele, UK Narendra Subramanian, McGill University, Canada Rina Williams, University of Cincinnati, USA Brian Woodall, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Quansheng Zhao, American University, USA US-China-Taiwan in the Age of Trump and Biden Towards a Nationalist Strategy Dean P. Chen Democratic Governance in Taiwan Edited by John Fuh-sheng Hsieh and Robert Henry Cox For the full list of titles in the series please visit: www.routledge.com Democratic Governance in Taiwan Edited by John Fuh-sheng Hsieh and Robert Henry Cox First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 selection and editorial matter, John Fuh-sheng Hsieh and Robert Henry Cox; individual chapters, the contributors The right of John Fuh-sheng Hsieh and Robert Henry Cox to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hseih, John Fuh-sheng, editor. | Cox, Robert Henry, editor. Title: Democratic governance in Taiwan / edited by John Fuh-sheng Hseih and Robert Henry Cox. Description: London ; New York : Routledge, 2023. | Series: Routledge studies on comparative Asian politics | Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “This book employs a policy-based approach to examine the emerging governance structure in Taiwan, one of several countries in East Asia where democratic consolidation is firmly established. As a study of Taiwan’s democratic governance, this book will be of interest to students and scholars of Asian politics, comparative politics, democracy and Taiwan”—Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2022021226 (print) | LCCN 2022021227 (ebook) | ISBN 9781032323534 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032323541 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003314592 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Democratization—Taiwan. | Democracy—Taiwan. | Taiwan—Politics and government—1988–2000. | Taiwan—Politics and government—2000–. Classification: LCC JQ1536 .D436 2023 (print) | LCC JQ1536 (ebook) | DDC 320.951249—dc23/eng/20220809 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022021226 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022021227 ISBN: 978-1-032-32353-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-32354-1 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-31459-2 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003314592 Typeset in Goudy by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents Acknowledgments vii Contributors viii Figures xii Tables xiii Introduction 1 JOHN FUH-SHENG HSIEH AND ROBERT HENRY COX 1 Regime Type and Governance: The Case of Taiwan 16 JOHN FUH-SHENG HSIEH 2 Managing Voting for Democracy in Taiwan 31 I-CHOU LIU 3 When Democracy Meets Bureaucracy: Studying Reforms of Taiwan’s Civil Service Since Democratization in the Late 1980s 46 DON-YUN CHEN, HSIANG-KAI DONG, AND YANG-CHUNG CHEN 4 The Mutinous Mutation of the Developmental State in Taiwan Revisited 63 YUN-PENG CHU 5 From Developmentalism to Postindustrialism: The Evolution of the Welfare State in Taiwan 78 JOSEPH WONG 6 Environmental Protection after Taiwan’s Democratic Consolidation: Is Democracy Working for the Environment? 94 DAFYDD FELL vi Contents 7 From Political Democratization to the Claim for Social Justice 110 WAN-YING YANG 8 When Democracy Meets the COVID-19 Pandemic: Taiwan’s Experience 129 WEI-TING YEN AND LI-YIN LIU 9 Charting the Way Forward: Taiwan’s Civil–Military Relations after 2016 144 WEI-CHIN LEE 10 Taiwan’s Domestic Politics, Economic Development and National Security, and Their Links to Foreign Policy and Democratization 163 JOHN F. COPPER 11 David vs. Goliath: Taiwan’s Policy toward China 181 T.Y. WANG Index 197 Acknowledgments All the chapters included in this book except the Introduction were presented at a conference on democratic governance in Taiwan held by the Walker Institute of the University of South Carolina on June 4–6, 2021. We thank the participants of the conference for their comments on these articles. In particular, we are grateful to Hans Stockton, Vincent Wang, Katherine Barbieri, Eric Chang, Yu-shan Wu, and Neal Woods for their helpful comments and suggestions. We also express our gratitude to the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in Washing- ton, DC, and the Walker Institute for their support. Contributors Don-yun Chen is Professor in the Department of Public Administration at National Chengchi University in Taiwan (Republic of China). He received his PhD in political science from the University of Rochester in 1997. His research interests span from democratic governance, e-governance, and public policy analysis and management. He is the founder of the Taiwan Government Bureaucrats Survey (TGBS) where various research topics of Taiwanese civil service, such as Public Service Motivation (PSM) and National Examination System, are studied through questionnaires and interviews. His works can be found in journals such as Public Administration, International Public Management Journal, and the Review of Public Personnel Administration. Yang-chung Chen is a PhD candidate in the Department of Public Administra- tion at National Chengchi University. His research interests include democratic governance, bureaucracy, citizen participation, and Q methodology. His most recent publication conducts a mixed-method study with Q methodology and a large-sample survey to explore how public servants pursue a successful career in Taiwan. His publications can be found in various Taiwan Social Sci- ence Citation Indexed journals such as Public Administration & Policy and the Taiwan Journal of Public Health. His dissertation focuses on the relationship and influence between bureaucratic responsiveness and public participation practices. Yun-Peng Chu holds a PhD degree in economics from the U niversity of Mary- land. Currently, he is University Chair Professor, School of Big Data Manage- ment, Soochow University, Taiwan. His former positions include Minister of State, Executive Yuan, ROC; Chairman of Board, Taiwan Insurance G uaranty Fund; President, Jin-Wen University of Science and T echnology; Director, Research Center for Taiwan Economic Development, National Central Uni- versity; Director, Sun Yat-Sen Institute of Social Sciences and Philosophy, Academia Sinica. His journal publications include those in the A merican Eco- nomic Review, Journal of Development Economics, and Southern Economic Journal. He is the author and editor of books on economic development and income distribution, high-tech drive and lost decades in East Asia, and Sino-U.S. trade conflicts. Contributors ix John F. Copper is the Stanley J. Buckman Professor (Emeritus) of International Studies at Rhodes College in Memphis, Tennessee. He is the author of more than thirty books on Taiwan and U.S.-China/Taiwan policy, including the seventh edition of Taiwan: Nation-State or Province? (Routledge) and Taiwan’s Politics in Action (World Scientific). Robert Henry Cox is Professor of Political Science at the University of South Carolina. His research and teaching focuses on governance and public policy issues in European countries and the European Union. From 2005 to 2017, he was the coeditor of Governance, one of the leading journals in the field of public administration and public policy. Hsiang-kai Dong is Associate Professor in the Department of Public Adminis- tration at National Chengchi University. His research specialty includes public sector human resource management; organizational behavior, risk, and decision-making; and citizen participation. His most recent publications deal with the effects of the unique settings of National Civil Service Examinations on recruiting the most “appropriate” civil servants for the society. His publications can be seen in the Review of Public Personnel Administration, Adminis- tration & Society, Nonprofit Management & Leadership, International Journal of Environmental Research, and Public Health, and various Taiwan social science citation indexed journals. Dafydd Fell is Reader in Comparative Politics at the Department of Politics and International Studies of the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London. He is also the Director of the SOAS Centre of Taiwan Studies. He has published numerous articles on political parties and election- eering in Taiwan. His first book was Party Politics in Taiwan (Routledge, 2005), which analyzed party change in the first fifteen years of multi-party competi- tion. His second book was Government and Politics in Taiwan (Routledge, 2011) and the second edition was published in early 2018. His latest single authored book is Taiwan’s Green Parties (Routledge, 2021). John Fuh-sheng Hsieh is currently Professor of Political Science at the University of South Carolina. His teaching and research interests include rational choice theory, constitutional choice, electoral systems, electoral behavior, political parties, democratization, and foreign policy. His works have appeared in many journals and as chapters in a number of books. He is the author of Party-List Proportional Representation [in Chinese] and Positive Political Theory [in Chinese] and editor or coeditor of Confucian Culture and Democracy and How Asia Votes. Wei-Chin Lee, Professor of Wake Forest University, has published several books, including Taiwan’s Political Re-Alignment and Diplomatic Challenges (edited, 2019) and articles in the American Journal of Chinese Studies, Asian Affairs, Asian P erspective, Asian Security, Asian Survey, Journal of Asian and African Studies, Journal of Chinese Political Science, Journal of Contemporary China, Journal of Comparative Communism, Journal of Economics and International Relations,