Democracy within Parties: Candidate Selection Methods and their Political Consequences (Comparative Politics) PDF
Preview Democracy within Parties: Candidate Selection Methods and their Political Consequences (Comparative Politics)
DEMOCRACY WITHIN PARTIES COMPARATIVE POLITICS ComparativePoliticsisaseriesforstudents,teachers,andresearchersofpoliticalsciencethatdeals withcontemporarygovernmentandpolitics.Globalinscope,booksintheseriesarecharacterisedby astressoncomparativeanalysisandstrongmethodologicalrigour.Theseriesispublished inassociationwiththeEuropeanConsortiumforPoliticalResearch.Formoreinformationvisit www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr TheComparativePoliticsseriesiseditedbyProfessorDavidM.Farrell,SchoolofPoliticsand InternationalRelations,UniversityCollegeDublin,KennethCarty,ProfessorofPoliticalScience, UniversityofBritishColumbia,andProfessorDirkBerg-Schlosser,InstituteofPoliticalScience, PhillippsUniversity,Marburg. OTHERTITLESINTHISSERIES LinkingCitizensandParties HowElectoralSystemsMatterforPoliticalRepresentation LawrenceEzrow IntergovernmentalCooperation RationalChoicesinFederalSystemsandBeyond NicoleBolleyer TheDynamicsofTwo-PartyPolitics PartyStructuresandtheManagementofCompetition AlanWare CabinetsandCoalitionBargaining TheDemocraticLifeCycleinWesternEurope EditedbyKaareStrøm,WolfgangC.Müller,andTorbjörnBergman RedistrictinginComparativePerspective EditedbyLisaHandleyandBernardGrofman DemocraticRepresentationinEurope Diversity,Change,andConvergence EditedbyMaurizioCottaandHeinrichBest Citizens,Democracy,andMarketsAroundthePacificRim CongruenceTheoryandPoliticalCulture RussellJ.DaltonandDotiChullShin Elections,Parties,Democracy MichaelD.McDonaldandIanBudge ThePerformanceofDemocracies EdeltrandRoller TheEuropeanVoter EditedbyJacquesThomassen ThePresidentializationofPolitics EditedbyThomasPaguntkeandPaulWebb Losers'Consent ElectionsandDemocraticLegitimacy ChristopherJ.Anderson,AndréBlais,ShaunBowler, ToddDonovan,andOlaListhaug ThePresidentializationofPolitics AComparativeStudyofModernDemocracies EditedbyThomasPaguntkeandPaulWebb DemocraticChallenges,DemocraticChoices RussellJ.Dalton PartyPoliticsinNewDemocracies EditedbyPaulWebbandStephenWhite Democracy within Parties Candidate Selection Methods and Their Political Consequences REUVEN Y. HAZAN AND GIDEON RAHAT 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DP OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity'sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork #ReuvenY.HazanandGideonRahat,2010 Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2010 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby MPGBooksGroup,BodminandKing’sLynn ISBN 978–0–19–957254–0 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 For SaraandAlbertHazan AnaandthelateMenachemRahat Acknowledgments Weareverygratefultothosewhomadeourresearchpossible.Weareindebtedto ourcolleagues,bothinIsraelandacrossmanycountries,forprovidinganencour- aging environmentand insightfulcomments that helped us improve our work as we painstakingly gathered data and presentedour developing framework at con- ferences from the mid-1990s onwards. We hope that they will find true value in our endeavor, and that this book will draw more scholars to the subject of candidate selection. We have surely made some mistakes, and trust that future studieswillcheckourresearchandimproveonit. WewanttothankShlomitBarnea,YaelHadar,ReutItzkovitch-Malka,Naomi Mandel,AyeletBanai,HilaShtayer,NirAtmor,andDavidKornfortheirresearch assistance. Francine Hazan's editing was of crucial assistance to us; without her incessanteffortsourthoughtscouldnothavebeenexpressedproperlyinwriting. WeareespeciallyappreciativeforthebackingwereceivedfromDavidFarrell,our Comparative Politics series editor, and from Dominic Byatt, our publisher at OxfordUniversityPress. ThisresearchwassupportedbyTheIsraelScienceFoundation(GrantNo.390/05). Contents Acknowledgments vi 1. WhatisCandidateSelectionandWhyisitImportant forUnderstandingPolitics? 1 PARTICandidateSelectionMethods:AFrameworkforAnalysis 2. Candidacy 19 3. TheSelectorate 33 4. Decentralization 55 5. AppointmentandVotingSystems 72 PARTIIThePoliticalConsequencesofCandidateSelectionMethods 6. Participation 89 7. Representation 106 8. Competition 124 9. Responsiveness 145 10. CandidateSelection,PoliticalParties,andDemocracy 165 References 179 AuthorIndex 201 SubjectIndex 206 This page intentionally left blank 1 What is Candidate Selection and Why is it Important for Understanding Politics? We begin with a story, one that has strong links to events that really took place. Deborahisapartystalwartandyearnstobeamemberofparliament.Afteryearsof partyaffiliationandactivity,shedecideditwastimetogiveitherbestshot.Forthe pastthreeyearsshehadparticipatedineverymeetingoftheparty’scentralcommit- tee.Thisforum,composedofapproximately1,000delegates,decideswhotheparty candidates will be prior to the general election. Deborah also took part in every political activity organized by any member of the central committee, wrote position papers on the major issues which were distributed to all the committee members, sent gifts to each member on every birthday and anniversary, and attended every wedding or family festivity to which she was invited. In short, she spent a large amount of time, effort, and funds in order to curry favor with those who could make her one of the party’s candidates. As the general election approached,thepartyleadershipdecidedtoshiftthedecisionofwhowouldbethe party’s list of candidates from its central committee to its rank-and-file member- ship – internal democracy, the leadership proclaimed, would attract more voters andmemberstotheparty.Deborahquicklyrealizedthatthepainstakingactivities which had brought her to the attention of 1,000 central committee members did nothing to advance her candidacy among over 100,000 party members. She did not give up, however, because she believed in her party and its cause. The party memberseventuallymadetheirdecision,butDeborahwasnearthebottomoftheir listwhenthevotesweretallied. Michaelistheheadofaworkers’unionatoneofthelargestcompaniesinthe country.Heisnotasupporterofanyparticularparty,anddislikeswhatittakesto makeasuccessfulforayintopolitics.Asthegeneralelectionapproached,Michael geared up his union members for their traditional rally in favor of the pro-labor candidates. As he prepared to inform over 10,000 workers at his company of thedateandplaceoftherally,helearnedthatthepartyleadershiphaddecidedto allow all party members to partake in the process of selecting its candidates. Michaelquicklyrealizedthatsincehisunion’smemberswerealsopartymembers, they could now take part in the selection process. He promptly mounted a campaign asking each union member to enlist his or her family and friends as partymembers.Hisgoalwastoexpandhisunion’svotingblocandtogethimself
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