Table Of Content

Democracy in Postwar Japan The Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese Studies Series Editorial Board J. A. A. Stockwin, Nissan Professor of Modem Japanese Studies, University of Oxford and Director, Nissan Institute of Japanese Studies Teigo Yoshida, formerly Professor of the University of Tokyo, and now Professor, Obirin University, Tokyo Frank Langdon, Professor, Institute of International Relations, University of British Columbia, Canada Alan Rix, Professor of Japanese, The University of Queensland Junji Banno, Institute of Social Science, The University of Tokyo Leonard Schoppa, University of Virginia Other titles in the series: The Myth of Japanese Uniqueness, Peter Dale The Emperor's Adviser: Saionji Kinmorcbi and Pre-war Japanese Politics, Lesley Connors A History of Japanese Economic Thought, Tessa Morris Suzuki The Establishment of the Japanese Constitutional System, Junji Banno, translated by J. A. A. Stockwin Industrial Relations in Japan: the Peripheral Workforce, Norma Chalmers Banidng PoHcy in Japan: American Efforts at Reform During the Occupation, William M Tsutsui Education Reform in Japan, Leonard Schoppa How the Japanese Learn to Work, Ronald P. Dore and Mari Sako Japanese Economic Development: Theory and Practice, Penelope Francks Japan and Protection: The Growth of Protectionist Sentiment and the Japanese Re sponse, Syed Javed Mas\llood The Soil, by Nagatsuka Takashi: a Portrait of Rural Life in Meiji Japan, translated and with an introduction by Ann Waswo Biotechnology in Japan, Malcolm Brock Britain's Educational Reform: a Comparison with Japan, Mike Howarth Language and the Modern State: the Reform of Written Japanese, Nanette Twine Industrial Harmony in Modern Japan: the Invention of a Tradition, W Dean Kin=ley Japanese Science Fiction: a View of a Changing Society, Robert Matthew The Japanese Numbers Game: the Use and Understanding of Numbers in Modern Japan, Thomas Crump Ideology and Practice in Modern Japan, Roger Goodman and Kirsten Reising Technology and Industrial Development in Pre-War Japan, Yukiko Fukasaku Japan's Early Parliaments 1890-1905, Andrew Fraser, R. H. P. Mason and Philip Mitchell Japan's Foreign Aid Challenge, Alan Rix Emperor Hirohito and Showa Japan, Stephen S. Large Japan: Beyond the End of History, David Williams Ceremony and Ritual in Japan: Religious Practices in an Industrialized Society, Jan van Bremen and D. P. Martinez. Understanding Japanese Society: Second Edition, Jay Hendry The Fantastic in Modern Japanese Literature: The Subversion of Modernity, Susan J. Napier Democracy in Postwar Japan Maruyama Masao and the Search for Autonomy Rikki Kersten I~ ~~~1!;n~~~up LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 1996 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Reprinted 1999, 2000 Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016 Transferred to Digital Printing 2005 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group © 1996 Rikki Kersten Typeset in Times by Datix International, Broad Street, Bungay, Suffolk All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book has been requested. ISBN~I5-1l753-4 In memory of Lew Jarratt Contents Series editor's preface xi Acknowledgements xii 1 Introduction 1 Notes II 2 Defeat and democracy in postwar Japan: The war responsibility debate 13 8.15: the event 16 The Occupation: war guilt as democratic prerequisite 21 Maruyama Masao and war responsibility 31 War responsibility as war guilt 36 The ongoing debate 43 Notes 44 3 The search for autonomy: Maruyama Masao and the Japanese past 49 Images of the Japanese past 50 Maruyama's studies: feudalism, dynamism and contradiction 53 The dynamics of the dialectic: Sorai and Norinaga 57 Meiji modernity: feudal dynamism in a hostile environment 60 Protest as an expression of social autonomy: the People's Rights Movement 65 Fukuzawa Yukichi: the logic of nationalism and individualism 71 Autonomy: some observations 73 Notes 75 4 Maruyama, Marx and the shutaisei debate 78 Marxism in Japan 79 Maruyama and the young Marx 81 Maruyama, Mannheim and the primacy of the subject 86 The philosophy of autonomy 88 viii Contents The shutaisei debate 90 Umemoto Katsumi: the plea for a world view 93 Maruyama Masao: the reinterpretation of Marxism 96 Autonomy as a universal value 101 Notes 106 5 Modernisation: the acquisition of autonomy 109 Modernisation: the Japanese interpretation 110 Maruyama Masao and the East-West paradigm 117 Modernisation and the open society 123 Notes 133 6 Fascism: the antithesis of democracy 137 Theories off ascism 139 Theories of wartime Japanese fascism 142 Maruyama Masao and Japanese fascism 146 The dynamics off ascism 150 Fascism in postwar Japan 153 Notes 161 7 Pacifism, autonomy and the logic of democracy 164 Pacifism and the Cold War 166 Peace and democracy: the logic of Japanese pacifism 168 The Heiwa Mondai Danwakai 175 Pacifism as realism 186 Pacifism as peaceful coexistence 190 Notes 195 8 Democracy in crisis: the security treaty crisis of 1960 199 The treaty issue: the excuse for a crisis 201 Security or democracy? 203 The political crisis 206 The democratic crisis 211 5.19 and the protect democracy campaign 217 5.19 and 8.15 220 After the shouting: assessments and recriminations 222 Notes 227 9 Conclusion 231 Note 233 Bibliographies 234 Interviews 234 Maruyama Masao: Secondary Sources (English) 234 Maruyama Masao: Secondary Sources (Japanese) 235 Contents ix Primary Sources: English 237 Primary Sources: Japanese 239 Secondary Sources: English 248 Secondary Sources: Japanese 255 Maruyama Masao: critical bibliography 260 Index 287