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Democracy and Public Space This page intentionally left blank Democracy and Public Space The Physical Sites of Democratic Performance John R. Parkinson 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DP OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork #JohnParkinson2012 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2012 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011939862 TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby MPGBooksGroup,BodminandKing’sLynn ISBN 978–0–19–921456–3 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Tomyfather,L.J.Parkinson, whostartedthis; SarahPenelopeRandallParkinson, whowasbornhalfwaythrough; andThomasHenryRandallParkinson, whoseimminentarrivalpushedmetofinish. This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface viii ListofFigures xi ListofTables xiii 1. Introduction 1 PartI. TheTheoryofDemocraticPublicSpace 2. DemocraticTheory,DemocraticPerformance 23 3. TheorizingPublicSpace 49 4. PlaceandPolitics 71 PartII. PublicSpaceandDemocraticPerformance 5. AssembliesI:PerformingDemocraticRoles 93 6. AssembliesII:ThePublicandAccessibility 122 7. ProtestandthePlaza:EngagingtheFormalPublicSphere 146 8. TheCityasRepresentativeSpace 173 PartIII. EvaluatingDemocraticSpace 9. ConclusionsandImplications 199 References 223 Index 239 Preface Thisbookstartedwithadiscussionwithmyfatheronalongdriveacrossthe centreoftheAustralianstateofVictoria.Dadisaretiredarchitectandarchi- tectural historian, and we were arguing about whether democracy and great architecture went together. Initially, I contemplated writing something exploring that argument, but it is an argument that has been had many times in various contexts, and I had nothing particular to add to it. What I found instead was that issues of physical space and the built environment werelargelyofftheagendaofdemocracyscholars–indeed,Ifoundclaimsthat physicalspacewasunimportantinmoderndemocracy,butfeltthatthiscould not be right. As someone who has lived in cities as diverse as Singapore, London,HongKong,Wellington,andCanberra,Iwasawareofthedifference that spatial arrangements can make to people’s lives; and given the present spread of physical defences around state buildings and other public spaces, Ibecameincreasinglyconcernedthatspaceforthe expressionofdemocratic rights and claims was being eroded in Western democracies. Although the initialdiscussionwasfarremovedfromthesesubsequentconcerns,itwasthe sparkthatignitedtherest.So,thanksforaninspirationalargument,Dad. TimetostartthinkingabouttheseissueswasprovidedbytheUniversityof York’sAnniversaryLectureshipscheme.Partofwhatconvincedmetopursue it was the critical but engaged and stimulating reception it received from friends and colleagues in the Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University – particular thanks to Geoff Brennan, John Dryzek, Bob Goodin, and Jeremy Shearmur. As usual, these contributors should be absolvedofallblameforwhatfollows. FurtherassistancecamefromaSmallResearchGrantfromtheBritishAcad- emy (SG 44244) which allowed me to visit more than a dozen cities around the world. In those cities I was met with great generosity by a group of organizationsandindividualswhoinclude: (cid:2) inOttawa:MarcBoscandRobertGaudetteoftheHouseofCommons; HeatherLankandMarysaOueriemmioftheSenate;PierreDubéandMark KristmansonoftheNationalCapitalCommission;GeorgePollardof Preface CarletonUniversity;plusMattBehrensofTorontoActionforSocial Change. (cid:2) inWashington,DC:BrettAndersonoftheAmericanUniversity,whogave meapersonaltourofthenooksandcranniesofthecity;GaelMurphy,Code Pink;ToniGriffin,DistrictofColumbia;JuliaKoster,NationalCapital PlanningCommission;JoeGoldmanandCarolynLukensmeyerof AmericaSpeaks;plusSethaLow,ColumbiaUniversity;MichelleandBill HormuzdiarinNewHaven;andtheSikorskyfamilyinMinneapolis/StPaul. (cid:2) inMexicoCity:AlejandraMoreno,CityCentreAuthority;RenéCervera García,theMayor’sChiefofStaffandVidalLarenasofthecitygovernment; andtheDepartmentofUrbanDevelopmentandHousing. (cid:2) inSantiago:theMoralesfamily;AlfonsoDonoso;andAlfonso’srugby-mad friendsduringthe2007WorldCupquarter-finals. (cid:2) inTokyo:HiroshiOtaandKaoriItoofTokyoUniversityandtheTokyo PicnicClub;andYukioMaeda,TokyoUniversity. (cid:2) inHongKong:PeterCheungattheUniversityofHongKong;RichardTsoi, ShaTinDistrictCouncillorandconvenorofthePowerforDemocracy group;MartinLeeQCandPatrickLau,LegislativeCouncillors;and communityactivistVerdyLeung. (cid:2) inWellington:theRtHonMargaretWilson,SpeakeroftheNewZealand HouseofRepresentatives;LizMellishoftheWellingtonTenthsTrust; GeraldBlunt,WellingtonCityCouncil;HelenaCatt,ChiefExecutiveofthe ElectoralCommission;andSandraGrey,VictoriaUniversityofWellington. (cid:2) inCanberra:NeilSaveryoftheACTPlanningandLandAuthority; AnnabellePegrumandAndrewSmithoftheAustralianNationalCapital Authority;HilaryPenfoldQC,headofParliamentaryServices;SarahMiskin oftheParliamentaryLibrary;AnnJackson-Nakano;SimonNiemeyerand KerstyHobson;plusKimDovey,UniversityofMelbourne. (cid:2) inCapeTown:thepeopleofthetownshipofLanga,especiallytheTsoga EnvironmentalResourceCentre;thestaffoftheDistrictSixMuseum; MelanieAtwell,foranothermarvellouswalkingtour;PatHill,CapeTown CityCouncillor;GideonBrand,CityofCapeTownCouncil;andRuben Govender,thePublicRelationsUnitoftheSouthAfricanParliament. (cid:2) inLondon:IainBordenoftheBartlettSchoolofArchitecture,University CollegeLondon;MuirMorton,DeputySerjeant-at-Arms,Houseof Commons;thechair,members,andstaffoftheHouseofLordsConstitution Committee;andSarahGaventaoftheCommissionforArchitectureandthe BuiltEnvironment. ix