Democracy and Islam in Indonesia

266 Pages·4.761 MB·English

by  Mirjam Künkler, Alfred C. Stepan

democracy and islam in indonesia
Religion, Culture, and Public Life
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religion, culture, and public life
Series Editors: Alfred Stepan and Mark C. Taylor
The resurgence of religion calls for careful analysis and constructive criticism of new forms of
intolerance as well as new approaches to tolerance, respect, mutual understanding, and accommo-
dation. In order to promote serious scholarship and informed debate, the Institute for Religion,
Culture, and Public Life and Columbia University Press are sponsoring a book series devoted to
the investigation of the role of religion in society and culture today. This series includes works
by scholars in religious studies, political science, history, cultural anthropology, economics, social
psychology, and other allied fields whose work sustains multidisciplinary and comparative as well
as transnational analyses of historical and contemporary issues. The series focuses on issues re-
lated to questions of difference, identity, and practice within local, national, and international con-
texts. Special attention is paid to the ways in which religious traditions encourage conflict, violence,
and intolerance and also support human rights, ecumenical values, and mutual understanding. By
mediating alternative methodologies and different religious, social, and cultural traditions, books
published in this series will open channels of communication that facilitate critical analysis.
After Pluralism: Reimagining Religious Engagement, edited by Courtney Bender and
Pamela E. Klassen
Religion and International Relations Theory, edited by Jack Snyder
Religion in America: A Political History, Denis Lacorne
Democracy, Islam, and Secularism in Turkey, edited by Ahmet T. Kuru and Alfred Stepan
Refiguring the Spiritual: Beuys, Barney, Turrell, Goldsworthy, Mark C. Taylor
Tolerance, Democracy, and Sufis in Senegal, edited by Mamadou Diouf
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Democracy and
Islam in Indonesia
Edited by
Mirjam Künkler and Alfred Stepan
columbia university press new york
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columbia university press
Publishers Since 1893
new york chichester, west sussex
cup.columbia.edu
Copyright © 2013 Columbia University Press
All rights reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Democracy and Islam in Asia / edited by Mirjam Künkler and Alfred Stepan.
pages. cm. — (Religion, culture, and public life)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-231-16190-9 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-231-16191-6 (pbk. : alk. paper) —
ISBN 978--231-53505-2 (ebook)
1. Islam and politics—Indonesia. 2. Democracy—Indonesia. 3. Indonesia—Politics and
government—1998– I. Künkler, Mirjam, 1977– editor of compilation. II. Stepan, Alfred C.,
editor of compilation. III. Series: Religion, culture, and public life.
BP63.I5D457 2013
320.9598—dc23 2013000949
Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper.
This book is printed on paper with recycled content.
Printed in the United States of America
c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
p 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
cover design: Alejandro Largo
cover images: Top: © Bay Ismoyo/Getty; Bottom: © iStockphoto
References to websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor
Columbia University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the
manuscript was prepared.
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contents
acknowledgments vii
abbreviations ix
chronology xi
I. Introduction
1. Indonesian Democratization in Theoretical Perspective 3
Mirjam Künkler and Alfred Stepan
2. Indonesian Democracy: From Transition to Consolidation 24
R. William Liddle and Saiful Mujani
II. Attitudes: The Development of a Democratic Consensus by
Religious and Political Actors
3. How Pluralist Democracy Became the Consensual Discourse
Among Secular and Nonsecular Muslims in Indonesia 53
Mirjam Künkler
4. Christian and Muslim Minorities in Indonesia: State Policies
and Majority Islamic Organizations 73
Franz Magnis-Suseno, SJ
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vi Contents
III. Behaviors: Challenges to the Democratic Transition and State
and Their Transcendence
5. Veto Player No More? The Declining Political Influence of
the Military in Postauthoritarian Indonesia 89
Marcus Mietzner
6. Indonesian Government Approaches to Radical Islam
Since 1998 109
Sidney Jones
7. How Indonesia Survived: Comparative Perspectives on State
Disintegration and Democratic Integration 126
Edward Aspinall
IV. Constitutionalism: The Role of Law and Legal Pluralism
8. Contours of Sharia in Indonesia 149
John R. Bowen
9. Unfinished Business: Law Reform, Governance, and the
Courts in Post-Suharto Indonesia 168
Tim Lindsey and Simon Butt
glossary 187
notes 189
selected bibliography 225
contributors 233
index 237
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acknowledgments
We are thankful to the Institute for Religion, Culture, and Public Life and
the Center for the Study of Democracy, Toleration, and Religion at Colum-
bia University as well as to the Henry R. Luce Initiative on Religion and
International Affairs for funding research and conferences on democracy
in Muslim majority countries such as Indonesia. Thanks also go to Melissa
Van and Emily Brennan for their organizational assistance. The chapters of
this book were improved greatly by the intellectually rich contributions by
several other conference participants and colleagues to whom we want to
give special thanks: Dodi Ambardi, Azyumardi Azra, Michael Buehler, Greg
Fealy, Colm Fox, Robert Hefner, Nadirsyah Hosen, Jeremy Menchik, and
Musdah Mulia.
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abbreviations
BIN Badan Intelijen Negara (National Intelligence Agency)
DPR Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (People’s Representative Council)
FPI Front Pembela Islam (Islamic Defenders’ Front)
GAM Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (Free Aceh Movement)
GDP gross domestic product
Golkar Golongan Karya (Functional Groups)
HMI Himpunan Mahasiswa Indonesia (Islamic Students Association)
HTI Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (Indonesian Party of Liberation)
IAIN Institut Agama Islam Negeri (State Islamic Institute)
JAT J amaah Ansharut Tauhid (Group for the Oneness of God
Partisans)
JI Jemaah Islamiyah (Islamic Community)
KOMPAK Mujahidin Komite Aksi Penanggulangan Akibat Krisis
(Mujahideen Crisis Management/Prevention Committee)
KPPSI K omite Persiapan dan Penegakan Syariat Islam (Committee for
the Preparation and Creation of Islamic Sharia)
LeIP L embaga Kajian dan Advokasi untuk Independensi Peradilan
(Indonesian Institute for an Independent Judiciary)
LSI Lembaga Survei Indonesia (Indonesian Survey Institute)
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x Abbreviations
Masyumi M ajelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia (Council of Indonesian
Muslim Associations)
MMI M ajelis Mujahidin Indonesia (Indonesian Jihad Fighters Coun-
cil)
MPR Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (People’s Consultative
Assembly)
MPU Majelis Permusyawaratan Ulama (Ulama Deliberative Council)
MUI Majelis Ulama Indonesia (Indonesian Ulama Council)
NGO nongovernmental organization
NU Nahdlatul Ulama (Rise of the Ulama)
Parmusi Partai Muslimin Indonesia (Muslim Party of Indonesia)
PDI Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (Indonesian Democracy Party)
PDIP P artai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (Indonesian Democracy
Party/Struggle)
PK Partai Keadilan (Justice Party)
PKI Partai Komunis Indonesia (Indonesian Communist Party)
PKS Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (Prosperous Justice Party)
PNI Partai Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian Nationalist Party)
PPP Partai Pesatuan Pembangunan (Development and Unity Party)
TNI Tentara Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National Military)
WH Wilayatul Hisbah (Sharia Police)
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