Demobilisation and Reintegration in Colombia: Building State and Citizenship PDF
Preview Demobilisation and Reintegration in Colombia: Building State and Citizenship
Demobilisation and Reintegration in Colombia This book investigates demobilisation, disarmament and reintegration (DDR) in Colombia during the twentieth and twenty-fi rst centuries. The six large peace processes and amnesties that took place in Colombia over this period were nation- led, providing an interesting case study for the wider DDR literature, which has historically focused on Africa and Asia. The continuous process of creating and demobilising illegal armed groups has been pivotal in building the Colombian state. Although the peace settlements and amnesties have brought renewed cycles of violence, they have also been key to the negotiation of demo- cracy and citizenship rights for both ex-c ombatants and wider sectors of the population. Here the author analyses the role of DDR programmes in building state and citizenship. Comparing DDR during Alvaro Uribe’s presidency and the peace process with the FARC guerrilla under the presidency of Juan Manuel Santos, the book draws on extensive fieldwork conducted with local authorities, officers on the ground and ex-c ombatants themselves. It details the process of creating and implementing DDR policy and explores the difficulties, challenges and security dilemmas ex-c ombatants may face in integrating within a post-c onflict society in social, economic and political dimensions. Bringing us right up to date with the implementation of the FARC’s peace process and the challenges ahead in the reintegration of ex-c ombatants under a new president, this book will be of interest to scholars and researchers of politics and development in Colombia, and to those with an interest in peace- building, state- building and DDR in other countries and conflicts. Francy Carranza-Franco is an associated researcher at the Observatory of Land Restitution and Property Rights, Colombia and has a PhD in Development Studies from SOAS, University of London, UK. Routledge Studies in Latin Ameri can Development The series features innovative and original research on Latin Amer ican devel- opment from scholars both within and outside of Latin America. It particularly promotes comparative and interdisciplinary research targeted at a global readership. In terms of theory and method, rather than basing itself on any one ortho- doxy, the series draws broadly on the tool kit of the social sciences in general, emphasising comparison, the analysis of the structure and processes, and the application of qualitative and quantitative methods. Market Liberalizations and Emigration from Latin America Jon Jonakin Money from the Government in Latin America Conditional Cash Transfer Programs and Rural Lives Edited by Maria Elisa Balen and Martin Fotta Demobilisation and Reintegration in Colombia Building State and Citizenship Francy Carranza-F ranco Demobilisation and Reintegration in Colombia Building State and Citizenship Francy Carranza-F ranco First published 2019 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019 Francy Carranza- Franco The right of Francy Carranza-F ranco to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing- in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of congress Cataloging-i n-Publication Data Names: Carranza-Franco, Francy, author. Title: Demobilisation and reintegration in Colombia : building state and citizenship / Francy Carranza-Franco. Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge studies in Latin American development | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018049139 (print) | LCCN 2018061770 (ebook) | ISBN 9781351124645 (eBook) | ISBN 9780815357360 (hbk) | ISBN 9781351124645 (ebk) Subjects: LCSH: Peace-building–Colombia. | Social integration– Colombia. | Disarmament–Colombia. | Insurgency–Colombia. | Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia. | Colombia–Politics and government–1974– Classification: LCC JZ5584.C7 (ebook) | LCC JZ5584.C7 C37 2019 (print) | DDC 320.9861–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018049139 ISBN: 978-0-8153-5736-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-351-12464-5 (ebk) Typeset in Goudy by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear To my parents for their love, support, help and patience with the making of this book and all projects I undertake Contents List of tables viii Acknowledgements ix List of acronyms and names x Introduction 1 1 Continuous demobilisations: state-b uilding without peace 21 2 DDR design: security or development 56 3 Social reintegration and DDR organisations: DDR programmes and ex-combatants’ NGOs 93 4 Economic reintegration 121 5 Political reintegration 146 Conclusion 164 Index 170 Tables 1.1 Comparison of peace settlements and petitions by rebel groups 1902–1994 26 2.1 Individual demobilisations 2002–2010 per group 71 3.1 Reinsertion and reintegration programmes in Colombia 96 4.1 Evolution of short- term economic aid including collective and individual demobilisations under Uribe and the FARC- Santos agreement 128 Acknowledgements Conversations with my friend Helena about the Colombian conflict were of utmost importance in giving shape to many of the ideas that I develop in this research. I am also grateful to Pilar for sharing her knowledge and her kindness, to Michael for his friendship and support and to Anna who contributed enormously to my PhD research project. James Hogg helped in making sense of my thoughts and my writing. My colleagues from the PhD in Development at SOAS were always sup- portive and provided plenty of insightful comments. I received orientation from Professor Francisco Gutiérrez Sanín and Professor Marta Herrera. Likewise, two reading groups contributed enormously to the writing process, and I’m very grateful to the members of the group Pen- Umbra and to Juana Dávila, Juana Afanador, Simón Uribe and Maria Elisa Balen for taking the time to read and comment on several chapters of my PhD thesis. To all of them, my deepest feelings of gratitude. The group Rodeemos el Dialogo helped me to maintain contact with the peace process and obtain very valuable information in the conversations, break- fasts and other activities that were organised around the FARC–Santos peace process. Also, my participation in Ojo a la Paz gave me both the opportunity to research and the agency to build our much- needed peace. These groups and the commitment to peace of its members became a crucial reference for civic mobil- isation in the most difficult moments of the peace process and taught me to maintain hope and endure in this project. My PhD studies and the fieldwork in 2012 were sponsored by the Colombian Government Institution for Science, COLCIENCIAS, Francisco José de Caldas Scholarship. Part of the fieldwork carried out in 2018 was only possible as a result of the support of the Observatorio de Tierras, and the mentoring by professor Fran- cisco Gutiérrez Sanín. Eline Hietbrink generously carried out some of the fieldwork at the TATR in Montañita, Caquetá in 2018. Ildefonso Heano and Myriam Criado also provided me with valuable information, support and their friendship. I am also grateful to the staff of the Colombian Agency for Reintegration, Peace and Reconciliation Programme and the PAPDRB for sharing their experi- ences with me and supporting my research. I also want to thank all the anonymous ex- combatants who participated in this study for their time and enthusiasm in revealing their own personal histories, as well as the experts who patiently gave me interviews and valuable information.
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