Delia, U: Raphaels Ostrich

272 Pages·2016·227.763 MB·English

by  Una Roman D'Elia

’
r a p h a e l s
Ostrich
una roman d’elia
Ostrich
’
r a p h a e l s
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ii Illustrations
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Ostrich
’
r a p h a e l s
una roman d’elia
the pennsylvania state
university press,
university park, pennsylvania
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For Tony, Lucy, and Zoe, with all my love
Publication of this book has been Copyright © 2015 The
supported by the Lila Acheson Pennsylvania State University
Wallace-Reader’s Digest Publications All rights reserved
Subsidy at Villa i Tatti. Printed in Singapore by
Tien Wah Press
Publication of this book has been
Published by The Pennsylvania
aided by a grant from the Millard
State University Press,
Meiss Publication Fund of the
University Park, PA 16802-1003
College Art Association.
The Pennsylvania State
University Press is a member
of the Association of American
University Presses.
Publication of this book has
been supported by the Samuel H. It is the policy of The
Kress Foundation Fellowship in Pennsylvania State University
Renaissance Art History of the Press to use acid-free paper.
Renaissance Society of America. Publications on uncoated stock
satisfy the minimum require-
Library of Congress ments of American National
Cataloging-in-Publication Data Standard for Information
D’Elia, Una Roman, 1973– , author. Sciences—Permanence of Paper
Raphael’s ostrich / Una Roman for Printed Library Material,
D’Elia. ANSI Z39.48–1992.
pages cm
Summary: “Explores artistic Additional credits: page 12,
depictions of the ostrich from detail of man bringing an ostrich
ancient Egypt to the Renaissance up a ramp, mosaic, early fourth
works of Raphael. Traces the century (fig 12); page 34, detail
history of shifting interpretations of ostriches and horse bits,
given to the ostrich in scientific detail of a door, ca. 1475 (fig.
texts, literature, and religious 29); page 52, detail of ostriches
writings”—Provided by publisher. on a boat, tapestry, sixteenth
Includes bibliographical century (fig. 56); page 84, detail
references and index. of Giulio Romano, Ostrich,
ISBN 978-0-271-06640-0 (cloth : pen and ink, 1514–46 (fig. 85);
alk. paper) page 102, detail of Luzio Romano,
1. Ostriches in art—History. grotesques with ostriches, fresco,
2. Art, Renaissance. 1544–46 (fig. 95); page 132, detail
3. Painting, Renaissance. of Girolamo Mattei, Impresa,
4. Raphael, 1483–1520—Criticism woodcut (fig. 130); page 156,
and interpretation. detail of Carlo Antonio Procac-
I. Title. cini, Ostrich Hunt, fresco,
ca. 1587–89 (fig. 151); page 186,
N7668.O88D45 2015 detail of Giandomenico Tiepolo,
709.02’4—dc23 Punchinello with Ostriches,
2015003564 ca. 1800 (fig. 199)
iv Illustrations
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Contents
List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgments xvii Introduction: Raphael’s Disputed Legacy 1

History
1 A Brief of the Ostrich: Antiquity and the Middle Ages 12

Eagle
2 The and the Ostrich: The Court of Urbino 34
Ostriches
3 Pope Leo X and Raphael’s 52
Heirs
4 Raphael’s 84
Vasari’ s
5 Farnese Ostriches and Raphael 102
Discontent
6 Fortune Is an Ostrich: in the 1550s and 1560s 132
Curiosity
7 and the Ostrich in the Counter-Reformation 156
Taming
8 the Ostrich: Ripa and Aldrovandi 186
Notes 211 Bibliography 229 Index 241

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vi Illustrations
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1 Tomb of Raphael, marble and other stones, 11 Initial with ostrich and other birds, illuminated
Illustrations
begun in 1520, Pantheon, Rome. Photo: Alinari / parchment, from Pliny the Elder, Natural
Art Resource, N.Y. 2 History, translated by Cristoforo Landino,
1476, Bodleian Libraries, Arch G. b. 6,
2 Raphael, Transfiguration, oil, 1516–20. Musei
fol. 119v. Bodleian Libraries, Oxford. Photo:
Vaticani, Vatican City. Photo: Scala / Art
The Bodleian Libraries, The University of
Resource, N.Y. 3
Oxford. 19
3 Raphael, Giovanni da Udine, and Giulio
12 Man bringing an ostrich up a ramp, mosaic,
Romano, part of the Battle of the Milvian
early fourth century, detail of the pavement
Bridge, Justice, Pope Urban I, and Charity, oil
in the ambulatory, Room of the Great Hunt
mural and fresco, 1519–24, Sala di Costantino,
Mosaic, Imperial Villa, Piazza Armerina. Photo:
Vatican Palace. Photo © Musei Vaticani, per
Gianni Dagli Orti / The Art Archive at Art
gentile concessione dell’Amministrazione del
Resource, N.Y. 20
Patrimonio della Sede Apostolica. 4
13 Daniel in the Lions’ Den and The Ostrich Frees
4 Raphael, Giovanni da Udine, and Giulio
Its Young, ink on parchment, from Speculum
Romano, oil murals and frescoes on the south
humanae salvationis, ca. 1430–50, Bodleian
wall and part of the ceiling of the Sala di
Libraries, MS Douce 204, fol. 28v. Bodleian
Costantino, 1519–24, vault repainted under Sixtus
Libraries, Oxford. Photo: The Bodleian
V, Vatican Palace. Photo © Musei Vaticani, per
Libraries, The University of Oxford. 25
gentile concessione dell’Amministrazione del
Patrimonio della Sede Apostolica. 6 14 Ostrich, ink on parchment, from a twelfth-
century bestiary, Bodleian Libraries, MS Laud
5 Raphael and Giulio Romano, Comitas, oil mu-
Misc. 247, fol. 159r. Bodleian Libraries, Oxford.
ral, 1519–20, Sala di Costantino, Vatican Palace.
Photo: The Bodleian Libraries, The University
Photo: Scala / Art Resource, N.Y. 7
of Oxford. 25
6 Flabellum showing Tutankhamun aiming an
15 Ebstorf World Map (copy after the destroyed
arrow at an ostrich, gold, metal, and wood, ca.
original), ca. 1300. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin,
1350 b.c.e. From the tomb of Tutankhamun.
Stiftung Preussicher Kulturbesitz. Photo: bpk,
Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Photo: Erich
Berlin / Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Stiftung
Lessing / Art Resource, N.Y. 14
Preussicher Kulturbesitz / Ruth Schacht / Art
7 The weighing of the heart against an ostrich
Resource, N.Y. 26
feather as the goddess Ma’at presides over the
16 Boy with a trumpet riding an ostrich and other
scales, from the Papyrus of Hunefer, Book of the
creatures, mosaic, 1163–65, Cathedral of Otranto.
Dead, painted papyrus, ca. 1280 b.c.e. British
Photo: Scala / Art Resource, N.Y. 27
Museum, London. Photo: Jacqueline Hyde /
The Art Archive at Art Resource / Art Resource, 17 Ostrich causing its eggs to be born and other
N.Y. 14 creatures, stone intarsia, ca. 1239, detail of the
façade of San Michele in Foro, Lucca. Photo:
8 The weighing of the heart, detail from the coffin
author. 27
of Nespawershefyt, painted wood, ca. 1000
b.c.e. Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Photo: 18 Arnolfo di Cambio, ciborium, interior, stone
Werner Forman / Art Resource, N.Y. 14 intarsia, ca. 1285, San Paolo fuori le Mura, Rome.
Photo: author. 28
9 Gladiators fighting animals, including an ostrich,
mosaic, 320–30, Galleria Borghese, Rome. 19 Cimabue, Fall of Babylon, badly damaged fresco,
Photo: Scala / Ministero per i beni e le attività ca. 1280, Upper Church, San Francesco, Assisi.
culturali / Art Resource, N.Y. 16 Photo: Alinari / Art Resource, N.Y. 29
10 Hero shooting an ostrich, marble, fourth 20 Ostrich, River, Cobbler, Religion, Carpenter, and
century. National Museum, Budapest. Photo: Grinder, fresco, late fourteenth or early fifteenth
Erich Lessing / Art Resource, N.Y. 16 century, Palazzo della Ragione, Padua. Photo:
The Bridgeman Art Library. 30
vii Introduction
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21 Giovannino de’ Grassi, Ostrich and a Mastiff, artistici ed etnoantropologici delle Marche,
pen and ink, watercolor, and white heightening, Urbino, Archivio fotografico. 40
from Taccuino di disegni, late fourteenth century,
29 Ostriches and horse bits, detail of a door,
fol. 2v. Biblioteca Civica Angelo Mai, Bergamo.
wood intarsia, ca. 1475, Palazzo Ducale, Urbino.
Photo: Biblioteca Civica Angelo Mai. 31
Photo with permission of the Ministero dei
22 Detail of a doorframe with an ostrich, marble, beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo,
ca. 1475, Palazzo Ducale, Urbino. Photo with Soprintendenza per i beni storici artistici ed
permission of the Ministero dei beni e delle at- etnoantropologici delle Marche, Urbino,
tività culturali e del turismo, Soprintendenza per Archivio fotografico. 40
i beni storici artistici ed etnoantropologici delle
30 Dish with an ostrich on a coat of arms, tin-
Marche, Urbino, Archivio fotografico. 36
glazed earthenware, made in Gubbio ca. 1525.
23 Attributed to Attavante Attavanti and workshop, Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Photo ©
prologue to Vespasiano da Bisticci, Comentario Victoria and Albert Museum. 41
de’ gesti e fatti e detti dello invictissimo signore
31 Wood intarsia and a reconstruction of the oil
Federigo duca d’Urbino, illuminated manuscript,
paintings in the studiolo, 1474–76, Palazzo Ducale,
1490–98, Biblioteca Gambalunghiana, MS Sc-Ms
Urbino. Photo: Scala / Art Resource, N.Y. 42
94. Biblioteca Gambalunghiana, Rimini. Photo:
32 Attributed to Giuliano and Benedetto da
Alinari / SEAT / Art Resource, N.Y. 36
Maiano, ostrich, wood intarsia, 1474–76,
24 Tomb of Count Antonio da Montefeltro (d.
studiolo, Palazzo Ducale, Urbino. Photo with
1404), marble, ca. 1400, Palazzo Ducale,
permission of the Ministero dei beni e delle
Urbino. Photo with permission of the Ministero
attività culturali e del turismo, Soprintendenza
dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo,
per i beni storici artistici ed etnoantropologici
Soprintendenza per i beni storici artistici ed
delle Marche, Urbino, Archivio fotografico. 44
etnoantropologici delle Marche, Urbino,
33 Attributed to Giuliano and Benedetto da
Archivio fotografico. 37
Maiano, detail of a wall of the studiolo, wood
25 Tomb of Count Antonio da Montefeltro
intarsia, 1474–76, Palazzo Ducale, Urbino.
(d. 1404), lid of the sarcophagus, with an
Photo: Scala / Art Resource, N.Y. 44
ostrich, marble, ca. 1400, Palazzo Ducale, Ur-
34 Attributed to Giuliano and Benedetto da
bino. Photo with permission of the Ministero
Maiano, detail of a wall of the studiolo, wood
dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo,
intarsia, 1478–82, from the Palazzo Ducale,
Soprintendenza per i beni storici artistici ed
Gubbio. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New
etnoantropologici delle Marche, Urbino,
York, Rogers Fund, 1939 (39.153). Image © The
Archivio fotografico. 37
Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source:
26 Montefeltro coat of arms with other imprese,
Art Resource, N.Y. 46
stone, 1474–82, Palazzo Ducale, Urbino.
35 Attributed to Giuliano and Benedetto da
Photo: author. 38
Maiano, ostriches, detail of a wall of the studiolo,
27 Design attributed to Sandro Botticelli, doors
wood intarsia, 1478–82, from the Palazzo Ducale,
with Apollo, Pallas Athena, and perspectival
Gubbio. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New
views, wood intarsia, ca. 1475, Palazzo Ducale,
York, Rogers Fund, 1939 (39.153). Image © The
Urbino. Photo: Gianni Dagli Orti / The Art
Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source:
Archive at Art Resource, N.Y. 39
Art Resource, N.Y. 46
28 Design attributed to Sandro Botticelli, doors
36 Detail of a doorframe, pietra serena, 1474–80,
with Apollo, Pallas Athena, and perspectival
Palazzo Ducale, Gubbio. Photo courtesy of
views, wood intarsia, ca. 1475, detail of ostrich,
MIBACT–Direzione regionale beni culturali e
Palazzo Ducale, Urbino. Photo with permission
paesaggistici dell’Umbria–Museo Palazzo
of the Ministero dei beni e delle attività culturali
Ducale–Palazzo Ducale di Gubbio (PG). 47
e del turismo, Soprintendenza per i beni storici
viii Illustrations
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37 Detail of a window shutter, painted wood, ca. 47 Raphael and workshop, Apollo and Marsyas and
1472, Palazzo Ducale, Gubbio. Photo courtesy grotesques, fresco, 1516–17, Loggetta of Cardinal
of MIBACT–Direzione regionale beni culturali Bibbiena, Vatican Palace. Photo: author. 58
e paesaggistici dell’Umbria–Museo Palazzo
48 Raphael and workshop, toads and other
Ducale–Palazzo Ducale di Gubbio (PG). 47
grotesques, fresco, 1516–17, Loggetta of Cardinal
38 Detail of a window shutter, painted wood, ca. Bibbiena, Vatican Palace. Photo: author. 58
1472, Palazzo Ducale, Gubbio. Photo courtesy
49 Sodoma, pilaster with grotesques and Pliny’s
of MIBACT–Direzione regionale beni culturali
monstrous races, fresco, ca. 1505, cloister,
e paesaggistici dell’Umbria–Museo Palazzo
Monastery of Monte Oliveto Maggiore. Photo:
Ducale–Palazzo Ducale di Gubbio (PG). 47
Doug McColeman. 59
39 Piero della Francesca, Montefeltro Altarpiece,
50 Grotesques, fresco, 65 C.E., vault of the
oil and tempera, ca. 1472. Pinacoteca di Brera,
cryptoporticus, Domus Aurea, Rome. Photo:
Milan. Photo: Scala / Art Resource, N.Y. 47
Werner Forman / Art Resource, N.Y. 60
40 Ostrich, detail of ceiling vault, gilded stucco,
51 Raphael and workshop, vault of the Loggetta of
ca. 1540, Palazzo Ducale, Urbino. Photo with
Cardinal Bibbiena, fresco, 1516–17, Vatican Palace.
permission of the Ministero dei beni e delle
Photo: author. 60
attività culturali e del turismo, Soprintendenza
52 Raphael and workshop, ostrich, fresco, 1516–17,
per i beni storici artistici ed etnoantropologici
Loggetta of Cardinal Bibbiena, Vatican Palace.
delle Marche, Urbino, Archivio fotografico. 49
Photo: author. 61
41 Attributed to Giulio Clovio, frontispiece to
53 Raphael and workshop, grotesque ostrich, fresco,
Dante’s Paradiso, the third part of Divina
1516–17, Loggetta of Cardinal Bibbiena, Vatican
commedia, illuminated manuscript, mid-
Palace. Photo: author. 61
sixteenth century, MS BAV Urb. Lat. 365, fol.
197r. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Città del 54 Raphael and workshop, sheaves of wheat, fresco
Vaticano. Photo © 2015 Biblioteca Apostolica and wax, 1516, Stufetta of Cardinal Bibbiena,
Vaticana. By permission of Biblioteca Apostolica Vatican Palace, 1516. Photo: author. 62
Vaticana, with all rights reserved. 50
55 Raphael and workshop, sphinxes and other
42 Grotesques, fresco, 65 C.E., Domus Aurea, grotesques, fresco, 1516–17, Loggetta of Cardinal
Rome. Photo: Nimatallah / Art Resource, N.Y. Bibbiena, Vatican Palace. Photo: author. 62
54
56 Ostriches on a boat, detail of The Arrival of Vasco
43 Bernardino Pinturicchio, Della Rovere da Gama in Calcutta, tapestry, sixteenth century.
Chapel grotesques, fresco, ca. 1480–82, Santa Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, Lisbon. Photo:
Maria del Popolo, Rome. Photo: Scala / Art Alfredo Dagli Orti / Art Resource, N.Y. 63
Resource, N.Y. 54
57 Giovanni Barile (possibly after a drawing by
44 Raphael and workshop, decorations in the Raphael), The Mock-Triumph of the Poet Baraballo,
Stufetta of Cardinal Bibbiena, fresco with wax, wood intarsia, 1515, Stanza della Segnatura,
1516, Vatican Palace. Photo: Scala / Art Resource, Vatican Palace. Photo: Erich Lessing / Art
N.Y. 57 Resource, N.Y. 64
45 Raphael and workshop, river god and other 58 After Raphael, Hanno, pen and ink, 1514–16.
grotesques, fresco and wax, 1516, Stufetta of Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen, Berlin.
Cardinal Bibbiena, Vatican Palace. Photo: Scala / Photo: bpk, Berlin / Staatliche Museen / Jörg P.
Art Resource, N.Y. 57 Anders / Art Resource, N.Y. 64
46 Raphael and workshop, putto drying a river 59 Raphael, Portrait of Pope Leo X and Cardinals
god’s hair, fresco and wax, 1516, Stufetta of Giulio de’ Medici and Luigi de’ Rossi, oil on panel,
Cardinal Bibbiena, Vatican Palace. Photo: Scala / ca. 1518. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Photo:
Art Resource, N.Y. 57 Scala / Ministero per i beni e le attività culturali /
Art Resource, N.Y. 64
ix Illustrations
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