Delay-tolerant satellite networks

260 Pages·2018·46.588 MB·English

by  Burleigh, Scott C., Finochietto, Jorge M., Fraire, Juan A

Satellite Communications
Delay-Tolerant
This cutting-edge resource shows engineers how to apply delay-tolerant D
networking (DTN) principles to satellite-based network communications. e
Detailed models and analytical tools are used to evaluate performance l
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and provide guidance in the field. This book examines the state of the art
y Satellite Networks
in existing onboard and ground technologies that support satellite -
applications, such as communications protocols, algorithms, and security T
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procedures. Readers gain key insight into the fundamental concepts of
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DTN applied to satellite networks (DTSNs) and the methods for computing
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metrics for satellite network modeling. r
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Satellite communications are examined, including satellite links, communication Juan A. Fraire
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protocols, and distributed multiple access schemes, such as time division,
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code division, and frequency division. This book focuses on ways in which Jorge M. Finochietto

DTN might make terrestrial communication and observation via Earth-orbiting S
satellites less expensive and more robust. The fundamental concepts and a Scott C. Burleigh
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analysis of the Ring Road Architecture are explored. Unique analyses on the
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motivating factors of using intersatellite links (ISLs) to form networks in l
disruptive environments in space are discussed. This book explores the limits l
of larger and complex DTSNs as the number of satellites increase and different it
orbital formations become possible. As satellite networks grow in the future, e
this book will continue to serve as a guide for readers to stay informed about N
standard protocols such as DTN that will allow seamless interoperation, e
cost reduction, and risk mitigation. t
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Juan A. Fraire is an assistant professor at Universidad Nacional de Córdoba r
(UNC) and assistant researcher at Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas k
y Técnicas (CONICET). He received his Ph.D. in engineering from the Universidad s
Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.

Jorge M. Finochietto is a full professor at Universidad Nacional de Córdoba

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(UNC) and independent researcher at Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones r
a
Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). He received his Ph.D. in electronics and ir
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communication engineering from Politecnico di Torino, Italy.
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Scott C. Burleigh is a principal engineer at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, F
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California Institute of Technology. He received his BA from The State University o
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of New York, Albany. h
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ISBN 13: 978-1-63081-344-4
ISBN: 1-63081-344-3
ARTECH HOUSE
BOSTON I LONDON
www.artechhouse.com
PMS 303 PMS 325
Delay-Tolerant
Satellite Networks
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Delay-Tolerant
Satellite Networks
Juan A. Fraire
Jorge M. Finochietto
Scott C. Burleigh
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover design by John Gomes
Cover image is based on a drawing from the author.
Part of this research was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of
Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Govern-
ment sponsorship is acknowledged.
Reference herein to any specifi c commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trade-
mark, or manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute or imply its endorsement by the United
States government or the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology.
ISBN 13: 978-1-63081-344-4
© 2018 ARTECH HOUSE
685 Canton Street
Norwood, MA 02062
All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book
may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publisher.
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been
appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of
a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service
mark.
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Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The Limits of the Internet 2
1.2 The Problem: We Expect the Internet to Act
Like a Telephone 4
1.3 This Is Not New 6
1.4 How Does This Help Me Get My Weather Forecast
for Chicago? 8
1.5 Case Study: Delay-Tolerant Electronic Commerce 9
1.6 What Does This Have to Do with Satellites? 11
Bibliography 12
2 Delay-Tolerant Networking 13
2.1 DTN Principles 13
2.1.1 No Client/Server 13
2.1.2 Bundling Data and Negotiation Parameters 14
2.1.3 Patience 14
2.1.4 Delay-Tolerance in Applications 14
2.1.5 Time-to-Live 15
2.1.6 The End-to-End Principle 15
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vi Delay-Tolerant Satellite Networks
2.1.7 Security 16
2.1.8 Link Symmetry and Error Rate 16
2.1.9 Delay versus Disruption 17
2.2 DTN Architecture 18
2.2.1 Bundles 19
2.2.2 Store-and-Forward 20
2.2.3 Custody Transfer 21
2.2.4 Convergence Layer Adapters 22
2.3 DTN Data Flow 22
2.4 DTN versus Information-Centric Networking 25
Bibliography 26
3 Satellite Communications 29
3.1 Satellite Links 30
3.2 Communication Protocols 33
3.2.1 CCSDS TM/TC and AOS 33
3.2.2 CCSDS Proximity-1 34
3.2.3 CCSDS USLP 35
3.2.4 CubeSat Protocols 35
3.2.5 Satellite Communication Services 36
3.3 Distributed Multiple Access Schemes 37
3.3.1 Time Division Multiple Access 38
3.3.2 Code Division Multiple Access 39
3.3.3 Frequency Division Multiple Access 40
3.4 Time Synchronization 41
3.5 Satellite Networks 42
3.5.1 GEO Networks 42
3.5.2 LEO and MEO Networks 45
3.5.3 Delay Expectations 48
Bibliography 50
4 Toward Delay-Tolerant Satellite Networks 53
4.1 DTSN Applications 54
4.1.1 Familiar Delay-Tolerant Applications 55
4.1.2 Ring Road Networks 55
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Contents vii
4.1.3 Delay-Tolerant Earth Observation 56
4.1.4 Beyond Earth Applications 59
4.2 DTN at the Core of DTSNs 61
4.3 Nodes 65
4.3.1 Addresses versus Identifiers 65
4.3.2 Transponders versus Satellites 66
4.4 Contacts 67
4.4.1 Contact Modeling Accuracy 70
4.4.2 Contact versus Links 71
4.4.3 Contacts for Multiple Nodes 72
4.5 Contact Plans 73
4.5.1 Scheduled Multiple Access 75
4.5.2 Contact Plan Distribution 75
4.6 Case Study: The Ring Road Architecture 76
4.6.1 How Would the User Experience This Service? 82
Bibliography 84
5 Models for Delay-Tolerant Satellite Networks 87
5.1 Performance Metrics 87
5.2 Why Model DTSNs? 88
5.3 Time-Expanded Graphs 90
5.4 Contact Graphs 97
5.5 Network Algorithms 99
5.5.1 Delivery Time 99
5.5.2 Volume and Storage 101
5.5.3 Quickest Data Delivery 103
Bibliography 103
6 Technologies for Delay-Tolerant Satellite Networks 105
6.1 The DTN Protocols 105
6.1.1 Transmission Protocols 106
6.1.2 Management Protocols 115
6.1.3 Security Protocols 117
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viii Delay-Tolerant Satellite Networks
6.2 DTN Implementations for Space 119
6.2.1 ION 120
6.2.2 μPCN 123
6.3 Schedule-Aware Bundle Routing 125
6.3.1 Contact Graph Routing 129
6.3.2 Route Determination Procedure 133
6.4 DTN Flight Validations 139
6.4.1 EPOXI Deep Space Mission 139
6.4.2 UK-DMC Satellite 141
6.4.3 International Space Station 142
Bibliography 143
7 Cross-Linked Delay-Tolerant Satellite Networks 145
7.1 Orbital Dynamics 145
7.1.1 Sun-Synchronous Orbit 149
7.1.2 Two Line Elements 150
7.2 DTSN Constellation Design 152
7.2.1 Equator-Parallel Formation 153
7.2.2 Ladder Formation 156
7.2.3 Walker Formation 159
7.2.4 Along-Track Formation 163
7.3 Heterogeneous DTSNs 171
7.3.1 Heterogenous Connectivity 171
7.3.2 Heterogenous Data Rates 172
7.3.3 Heterogenous Services 173
Bibliography 174
8 Contact Plan Design 177
8.1 Reasons to Further Process the Contact Topology 178
8.1.1 Energy Management 178
8.1.2 Interference 180
8.1.3 Channel Access 181
8.1.4 Platform Constraints 182
8.1.5 Other Reasons 184
8.2 Contact Plan Design Procedures 184
8.2.1 Design Criteria 185
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Contents ix
8.2.2 Design Methodology 187
8.2.2.2 Suboptimal Methodologies 192
Bibliography 199
9 Challenges in Delay-Tolerant Satellite Networking 201
9.1 Fragmentation 201
9.2 Congestion 203
9.2.1 Provoked by Storage Exhaustion 204
9.2.2 Provoked by Insufficient Volume 204
9.2.3 Congestion Control Strategies 208
9.3 Routing 214
9.3.1 Route Table Computation 215
9.3.2 Opportunistic Forwarding 217
9.4 Time Distribution 219
9.5 Multicast 220
9.6 Prospects and Impacts 221
Bibliography 222
Appendix A: DTSN Tools 223
A.1 DtnSim 223
A.1.1 APP Module 224
A.1.2 DTN Module 225
A.1.3 COM Module 225
A.1.4 Other Modules 226
A.1.5 Integrating DTN Implementations 226
A.1.6 Sample Outputs 227
A.2 Contact Plan Designer 229
A.2.1 Contact Plan Determination 229
A.2.2 Contact Plan Design 230
A.2.3 Contact Plan Analysis 231
A.2.4 Sample Scenario 232
Acronyms 235

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