Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials

785 Pages·2012·13.67 MB·English

by  Richard W. Hertzberg

SelectedConversionFactorstoStandardInternationalUnits
ToConvertFrom To MultiplyBy
angstrom meter(m) 1(cid:1)10(cid:3)10
atmosphere(normal¼760torr) pascal(Pa) 1.013(cid:1)105
bar pascal(Pa) 1(cid:1)105
calorie joule(J) 4.184
degreeCelsius kelvin(K) t ¼t +273.15
K C
degreeFahrenheit degreeCelsius t ¼(t (cid:3)32)/1.8
C F
degreeRankine kelvin(K) t ¼t /1.8
K R
dyne newton(N) 1(cid:1)10(cid:3)5
dyne-centimeter newton-meter(N-m) 1(cid:1)10(cid:3)7
dyne/centimeter2 pascal(Pa) 1(cid:1)10(cid:3)1
electronvolt joule(J) 1.602(cid:1)10(cid:3)l9
erg joule(J) 1(cid:1)10(cid:3)7
ergs/centimeter2 joule/meter2(J/m2) l0(cid:3)3
foot meter(m) 3.048(cid:1)10(cid:3)1
foot-pound joule(J) 1.356
gram-force/centimeter2 pascal(Pa) 9.807(cid:1)101
inch meter(m) 2.54(cid:1)10(cid:3)2
inch2 meter2(m2) 6.452(cid:1)10(cid:3)4
inchofmercury(32(cid:4)F) pascal(Pa) 3.386(cid:1)103
kilocalorie joule(J) 4.184(cid:1)103
kilogram-force newton(N) 9.807
kilogram-force-meter newton-meter(N-m) 9.807
kilogram-force/centimeter2 pascal(Pa) 9.807(cid:1)104
kilogram-force/meter2 pascal(Pa) 9.807
kilogram-force/millimeter2 pascal(Pa) 9.807(cid:1)106
kip(1000pounds) newton(N) 4.448(cid:1)103
kip/inch2(ksi) pascal(Pa) 6.895(cid:1)106
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi
kip/inch2(cid:5) inch(ksi in:) pascal(cid:5) m(Pa m) 1.099(cid:1)106
mil meter(m) 2.54(cid:1)10(cid:3)5
millimeterofmercury(mmHg) pascal(Pa) 1.333(cid:1)102
poise pascal-second(Pa-s) 1(cid:1)10(cid:3)1
pound-force newton(N) 4.448
pound-force/inch2(psi) pascal(Pa) 6.895(cid:1)103
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffi
pound-force/inch2(cid:5) inch(psi in:) pascal(cid:5) m(Pa m) 1.099(cid:1)103
torr[mmHg(0(cid:4)C)] pascal(Pa) 1.333(cid:1)102
Deformation and
Fracture Mechanics of
Engineering Materials
Fifth Edition

Deformation and
Fracture Mechanics of
Engineering Materials
Fifth Edition
Richard W. Hertzberg
Richard P. Vinci
Jason L. Hertzberg
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Hertzberg,RichardW.,1937-
Deformationandfracturemechanicsofengineeringmaterials/RichardW.Hertzberg,RichardP.Vinci,JasonL.Hertzberg.—
Fifthedition.
pages cm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindexes.
ISBN978-0-470-52780-1
1. Deformations(Mechanics) 2. Fracturemechanics. I. Vinci,RichardPaul. II. Hertzberg,JasonL.,1969- III. Title.
TA417.6.H46 2012
0
620.1123—dc23
2011051145
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To our wives Linda, Michelle, and Amy,
our children Michelle, Jason, Nicholas, Sofia,
Julia, Ryan, and Molli, and grandchildren
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Table of Contents
ABOUTTHECOVER xvii
FOREWORD xix
PREFACETOTHEFIFTHEDITION xxi
Objectives xxi
Organization xxi
NewtoThisEdition xxii
End-of-ChapterProblems xxiv
Acknowledgments xxiv
ABOUTTHEAUTHORS xxv
SECTIONONE RECOVERABLE AND
NONRECOVERABLE DEFORMATION 1
CHAPTER1 ELASTICRESPONSEOFSOLIDS 3
1.1 MechanicalTesting 3
1.2 DefinitionsofStressandStrain 4
1.3 Stress–StrainCurvesforUniaxialLoading 8
1.3.1 SurveyofTensileTestCurves 8
1.3.2 UniaxialLinearElasticResponse 9
1.3.3 Young’sModulusandPolymerStructure 13
1.3.3.1 ThermoplasticBehavior 13
1.3.3.2 RigidThermosets 14
1.3.3.3 RubberElasticity 15
1.3.4 CompressionTesting 17
1.3.5 FailurebyElasticBuckling 17
1.3.6 ResilienceandStrainEnergyDensity 19
1.3.7 DefinitionsofStrength 19
1.3.8 Toughness 22
1.4 NonaxialTesting 23
1.4.1 BendTesting 23
1.4.2 ShearandTorsionTesting 26
1.5 MultiaxialLinearElasticResponse 27
1.5.1 AdditionalIsotropicElasticConstants 27
1.5.2 MultiaxialLoading 28
1.5.2.1 Thin-WalledPressureVessels 30
1.5.2.2 SpecialCasesofMultiaxialLoading 32
1.5.3 InstrumentedIndentation 33
1.6 ElasticAnisotropy 34
vii
viii TableofContents
1.6.1 StiffnessandComplianceMatrices 34
1.6.1.1 SymmetryClasses 36
1.6.1.2 LoadingAlonganArbitraryAxis 37
1.6.2 CompositeMaterials 40
1.6.3 IsostrainAnalysis 41
1.6.4 IsostressAnalysis 43
1.6.5 AlignedShortFibers 44
1.6.6 StrengthofComposites 47
1.6.6.1 EffectsofMatrixBehavior 47
1.6.6.2 EffectsofFiberOrientation 48
1.7 ThermalStressesandThermalShock-InducedFailure 50
1.7.1 UpperBoundThermalStress 50
1.7.2 CoolingRateandThermalStress 54
References 55
FurtherReadings 56
Problems 56
Review 56
Practice 57
Design 59
Extend 60
CHAPTER2 YIELDINGANDPLASTICFLOW 63
2.1 DislocationsinMetalsandCeramics 63
2.1.1 StrengthofaPerfectCrystal 63
2.1.2 TheNeedforLatticeImperfections:Dislocations 65
2.1.3 ObservationofDislocations 67
2.1.4 LatticeResistancetoDislocationMovement:ThePeierlsStress 69
2.1.4.1 PeierlsStressTemperatureSensitivity 70
2.1.4.2 EffectofDislocationOrientationonPeierlsStress 71
2.1.5 CharacteristicsofDislocations 72
2.1.6 ElasticPropertiesofDislocations 75
2.1.7 PartialDislocations 78
2.1.7.1 MovementofPartialDislocations 80
2.2 Slip 81
2.2.1 CrystallographyofSlip 81
2.2.2 GeometryofSlip 84
2.2.3 SlipinPolycrystals 87
2.3 YieldCriteriaforMetalsandCeramics 88
2.4 Post-YieldPlasticDeformation 90
2.4.1 StrainHardening 90
2.4.2 PlasticInstabilityandNecking 93
2.4.2.1 StrainDistributioninaTensileSpecimen 94
2.4.2.2 ExtentofUniformStrain 95
2.4.2.3 TrueStressCorrection 95
2.4.2.4 FailureoftheNeckedRegion 96
2.4.3 UpperYieldPointBehavior 99
2.4.4 TemperatureandStrain-RateEffectsinTension 100
2.5 SlipinSingleCrystalsandTexturedMaterials 102
2.5.1 GeometricHardeningandSoftening 103
2.5.2 CrystallographicTextures(PreferredOrientations) 105
2.5.3 PlasticAnisotropy 108