Defects, Fracture and Fatigue: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium, held at Mont Gabriel, Canada, May 30–June 5, 1982

479 Pages·1983·15.503 MB·English

by  S. M. Ohr, J. A. Horton, S.-J. Chang (auth.), G. C. Sih, J. W. Provan (eds.)

DEFECTS, FRACTURE AND FATIGUE
J)efects, Fracture
and Fatigue
Proceedings of the Second International Symposium,
held at Mont Gabriel, Canada, May 30-June 5, 1982
edited by
G.C. SIH
Institute of Fracture and Solid Mechanics
Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
J.W.PROVAN
Mechanical Engineering Department
McGill University, Montreal, P.Q., Canada
1983
MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS
THEHAGUE/BOSTON/LONDON
iv
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library of Coogress Cataloging in Publication Data
International Symposium on Defects, Fracture, and
Fatigue (2nd: 1982 : Mont Gabriel, Quebec)
Proceedings of Second International Symposium
on Defects, Fracture, and Fatigue.
1. Materials--Defects--Congresses. 2. Fracture
mechanics--Congresses. 3. Materials--Fatigue-
Congresses. I. Sih, G. C. (George C.) II. Provan,
J. W. III. Title. IV. Title: Defects, fracture, and
fatigue.
TA409.I555 1982 620.1'123 82-24576
ISBN·13:978-94-009-6823-3 e-ISBN '13:978-94-009-6821-9
001:10.1007/978-94-009-6821-9
Copyright © 1983 by Martinus Nifhoff Publishers, The Hague.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1983
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher,
Martinus Nifhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 566, 2501 CN The Hague, The Netherlands.
CONTENTS
PREFACE
by G. C. Sih and J. W. Provan ix
GENERAL REMARKS
by G. C. Sih xi
NIGHTMARE
by A. C. Eringen xiii
SYMPOSIUM PHOTOGRAPHS xv
SECTION I DISLOCATION BEHAVIOR AND INFLUENCE
Direct observations of crack tip dislocation behavior during tensile and
cyclic deformation 3
by S. t4. Ohr, J. A. Horton and S.-J. Chang
The behavior of dislocations and the formation of wall structures observed
by in situ high voltage electron microscopy 17
by T. Imura and A. Yamamoto
Dislocation dynamics in aluminum and in aluminum-based alloys investigated
by TEM and NMR techniques 23
by J. Th. M. De Hosson, W. H. M. Alsem, H. Tamler and o. Kanert
The cyclic deformation of titanium: dislocation substructures and ef-
fective and internal stresses 37
by L. Handfield and J. I. Dickson
Fatigue softening in precipitation hardened copper-cobalt single crystals
by D. Steiner and V. Gerold 53
SECTION II MODELING OF DISLOCATIONS AND MICROCRACKING
The elastic strain energy of dislocation structures in fatigued metals 65
by T. Mura, H. Shirai and J. R. Weertman
Dislocation kinetics and the formation of deformation bands 75
by E. C. Aifantis
Intergranular fracture criteria and interfacial thermodynamic properties
by O. A. Bamiro 85
Statistical mechanics of early growth of fatigue cracks 99
by W. J. Pardee, W. L. Morris, B. N. Cox and B. D. Hughes
The effect of homo- and heterogeneous mechanisms coupling on microcrack
nucleation in metals 113
by J. Krzeminski
SECTION III SLIP-BANDS AND CRACK INITIATION
A model of high-cycle fatigue-crack initiation at grain boundaries by
persistent slip bands
by H. Mughrabi 139
vi
Shape and structure of persistent slip bands in iron carbon alloys 147
by K. Pohl, P. Mayr and E. Macherauch
Estimation of crack initiation in plain carbon steels by thermometric
methods 161
by H. Harig and M. Weber
Inhomogeneous work-softening during cyclic loading of SAE 4140 in dif-
ferent heat treated states 171
by D. Eifler and E. Macherauch
Fatigue crack initiation in iron 183
by C. V. Cooper and M. E. Fine
The cyclic response and strain life behaviour of polycrystalline copper
and a-brass 195
by N. Marchand, J.-P. Bailon and J. I. Dickson
SECTION IV MATERIAL DAMAGE AND FRACTURE
Prediction of damage sites ahead of a moving heat source 211
by M. Matczynski and G. C. Sih
A pseudo-linear analysis of yielding and crack growth: strain energy den-
sity criterion 223
by G. C. Sih and P. Matic
Nonlocal mechanics of crack curving 233
by A. C. Eringen and A. Suresh
Motion of the crack under constant loading and at high constant tempera-
ture 243
by A. Neimitz
Creep cavitation and fracture due to a stress concentration in 2~ Cr-l Mo 259
by T.-S. Liu, T. J. Delph and R. J. Fields
SECTION V STRESS AND FAILURE ANALYSIS
Stress intensity factors for radial cracks in bimaterial media 273
by O. Aksogan
Sudden twisting of partially bonded cylindrical rods 285
by M. K. Kassir and K. K. Bandyopadhyay
An axisymmetric-elastodynamic analysis of a crack in orthotropicmedia usinq
a path-independent integral 299
by D. A. Scarth, T. R. Hsu and G. S. Pizey
Unstable growth of branched cracks 311
by E. E. Gdoutos
Experimental stress intensity distributions by optical methods 325
by C. W. Smith and G. Nicoletto
SECTION VI FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION
Analyses of microstructural and chemical effects on fatigue crack growth 339
by H. W. Liu
A fractographic study of corrosion-fatigue crack propagation in a duplex
stainless steel 359
by M. Ait Bassidi, J. Masounave, J.-P. Bailon and J. I. Dickson
Effects of environment on fatigue deformation of iron 373
by D. Majumdar and Y.-W. Chung
Microstructural processes prior to and during fatigue softening of struc-
tural steels 385
by H. Veith
vii
SECTION VII STATISTICAL FRACTURE AND FATIGUE
On a predictive fatigue crack initiation reliability for large steel
castings 399
by U. S. Chawla, Y. Carmel, P. H. B. Hamilton and J. W. Provan
Reliability of structures with time dependent properties 409
by G. F. Oswald and G. I. Schu~ller
An experimental investigation of fatigue reliability laws 423
by J. W. Provan and Y. Theriault
SECTION VIII FRACTURE TESTING AND CONTROL
On cracking instability in plates containing circular holes 435
by C. L. Chow
Effect of inclusions on dynamic toughness of line-pipe steel 447
by W. R. Tyson, J. D. Boyd and J. T. McGrath
Discontinuity sources in manufacturing processes 459
by H. J. Mcqueen
A stochastic interpretation of material degradation processes 473
by E. S. Rodriguez III, D. R. Hay and J. W. Provan
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 487
PREFACE
The Second International Symposium on Defects, Fracture and Fatigue took
place at Mont Gabriel, Quebec, Canada, May 30 to June 5, 1982, and was organized
by the Mechanical Engineering Department of McGill University and Institute of
Fracture and Solid Mechanics, Lehigh University. The Co-Chairmen of the Sympo
sium were Professor G. C. Sih of Lehigh University and Professor J. W. Provan of
McGill University. Among those who served on the Organizing Committee were
G. C. Sih (Co-Chairman), J. W. Provan (Co-Chairman), H. Mughrabi, H. Zorski,
R. Bullough, M. Matczynski, G. Barenblatt and G. Caglioti. As a result of the
interest expressed at the First Symposium that was held in October 1980, in Po
land, the need for a follow-up meeting to further explore the phenomena of mate
rial damage became apparent. Among the areas considered were dislocations, per
sistent-slip-bands, void creation, microcracking, microstructure effects, micro/
macro fracture mechanics, ductile fracture criteria, fatigue crack initiation and
propagation, stress and failure analysis, deterministic and statistical crack
models, and fracture control. This wide spectrum of topics attracted researchers
and engineers in solid state physics, continuum mechanics, applied mathematics,
metallurgy and fracture mechanics from many different countries. This spectrum
is also indicative of the interdisciplinary character of material damage that
must be addressed at the atomic, microscopic and macroscopic scale level.
Mont Gabriel, si~ated just 39 miles north of Montreal, provided an ideal en
vironment for a small group of specialists to gather and interact on a personal
basis. Intense discussions between the physical metallurgists and fracture mech
anicians are necessary for reconciliating the details of the microstructure with
the assumed continua of the computational methods and toughness assessment tech
niques. Both groups benefited and developed a wider appreciation of the differ
ence in viewpoints. A unification of concepts, however, can only be accomplished
if effective communications are maintained continuously among researchers and en
gineers. To this end, the Organizing Committee has agreed to hold a third Sympo
sium two years from now in Europe.
The Co-Chairmen wish to take this opportunity to thank the Canadian Commit
tee for Research on the Strength and Fracture of Materials for supporting the
Symposium and those who have contributed towards the success of the meeting.
In particular, Mrs. Evelyn Schliecker of McGill University should be recognized
for her attendance at the registration desk and for taking care of many arrange
ments. The efforts of Messrs. Louis Archard and Yves Theriault are also appre
ciated for providing local transportation.
x
Finally, the credit for retyping all the manuscripts goes to Mrs. Barbara
DeLazaro and Mrs. Constance Weaver of the Institute of Fracture and Solid Mechan
ics at Lehigh University. Their quality of work is evidenced in this book.
Mont Gabriel, Canada G. C. Sih
June 1982 J. W. Provan
Co-Chairmen
GENERAL REMARKS
The theme of this Symposium follows a long standing notion that material
failure initiates from defects. Perhaps, the ancient Chinese transcript "Mo
Ching" in the -4th Century has said it all:
It ~ upon evenne6~ o~ continuity that b~eaking o~ not-b~eaking depend.
Let a wught hang on hOviJr.. The hOvi.Jt w.LU b~ea.k beca.~e U ~ not ~ui.y
even o~ cont-LnuoM. I6 U w~e, U woui.d not b~ea.k.
In recent times, much effort has been made to identify movement of imperfec
tions at the earliest possible stage and to follow their growth in details. The
results unavoidably have tended to be qualitative and expressed in terms of mi
croscopic entities and their interactions such as dislocations, inclusions,
slip-bands, grain boundary cracking, environmental effects, etc. This is mainly
because of the difficulties associated with constructing a quantitative theory
that can consistently assess material damage at the different scale levels rang-
ing from the atomic, say 10-8 cm in linear dimension, to the macroscopic, say
10-2 cm. This involves at least six orders of magnitude or more. While the
electron microscope has enabled a detailed description of the sequence of events
which culminate in material damage, the mathematical models still lag far behind
not being able to express the microscopic variables in terms of useful macroscop
ic parameters. It is precisely due to this lack of interaction between the phys
ical metallurgists and fracture mechanicians that this Symposium has been organ
ized to reconcile the intricate details of the microstructure with the assumed
mechanics of continua and computational methods.
Major difficulties still perplex the practitioners who attempt to estimate
fatigue lives of structural components with or without the added complexities
of hostile environments. Judgement and experience must often be exercised to
provide provision against premature failure. The discipline of fracture mechan
ics, however, has provided a drastic improvement over the conventional methods
that do not account for the presence of initial defects. Learning to design
with defects or cracks is the key for making prediction with increased accuracy.
Undoubtedly, consistent description of the qualitative observations can further
improve the agreement of theory and experiment. Material damage at the atomic,
microscopic and macroscopic scale level needs to be related mathematically in a
unifi ed manner.
xii
Another important objective of this Symposium is its international character
that encourages a closer cooperation among the researchers and engineers from
different nations. This joint effort to develop better concepts and methods in
design concerning with failure prevention should always be kept in mind when
organizing future meetings.
Mont Gabriel G. c. Sih
June 1982 Lehigh University