DEEP CHINA The publisher gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the Sue Tsao Endowment Fund in Chinese Studies of the University of California Press Foundation. The publisher also gratefully acknowledges the generous contribution to this book provided by Harvard University. DEEP CHINA · The Moral Life of the Person what anthropology and psychiatry tell us about china today Arthur Kleinman Yunxiang Yan Jing Jun Sing Lee Everett Zhang Pan Tianshu Wu Fei Guo Jinhua University of California Press Berkeley Los Angeles London University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholar- ship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2011 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Deep China : the moral life of the person, what anthropology and psychiatry tell us about China today / Arthur Kleinman . . . [et. al.]. p. cm. Includes index. isbn 978-0-520-26944-6 (cloth : alk. paper) — isbn 978-0-520-26945-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Medical anthropology—China. 2. Cultural psychiatry—China. 3. Ethnopsychology—China. 4. Identity (Psychology)—China. 5. Group identity—China. 6. China—Social conditions. 7. China—Moral conditions. 8. China—Social life and customs. I. Kleinman, Arthur. gn296.5.c6d44 2011 306.0951—dc22 2011012375 Manufactured in the United States of America 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 In keeping with a commitment to support environmen- tally responsible and sustainable printing practices, UC Press has printed this book on 50-pound Enterprise, a 30% post-consumer-waste, recycled, deinked fiber that is processed chlorine-free. It is acid-free and meets all ansi/niso (z 39.48) requirements. To Joan Kleinman September 4, 1939–March 6, 2011 Sinologist and Ancestor Even after you have entered the darkness, we feel your deep spirit and abiding concern for the moral underpinnings of things Chinese guiding this book. C O N T E N T S Preface ix Introduction: Remaking the Moral Person in a New China 1 1. The Changing Moral Landscape 36 Yunxiang Yan 2. From Commodity of Death to Gift of Life 78 Jing Jun 3. China’s Sexual Revolution 106 Everett Yuehong Zhang 4. Place Attachment, Communal Memory, and the Moral Underpinnings of Gentrification in Postreform Shanghai 152 Pan Tianshu 5. Depression: Coming of Age in China 177 Sing Lee 6. Suicide, a Modern Problem in China 213 Wu Fei 7. Stigma: HIV/AIDS, Mental Illness, and China’s Nonpersons 237 Guo Jinhua and Arthur Kleinman 8. Quests for Meaning 263 Arthur Kleinman Glossary of Chinese Terms and Names 291 Notes on Contributors 297 Index 299 P R E F A C E This book is a true collaboration between its eight authors. We jointly contributed to the introduction. Each of the chapters is authored by one of us; yet all of us com- mented on each of the chapters at meetings in Shanghai and Cambridge. As a re- sult, we feel we are all authors and editors of Deep China. We share a passion for the study of Chinese society and its modernization, particularly for understanding the lived experience of Chinese in our times. We are students of how the immense changes in the social life of Chinese have affected their emotional and moral lives. We share the belief that to really understand China and the Chinese, the conven- tional concerns with economics, politics, and security must be complemented by the study of society and individuals. All of the contributors, with one exception, Kleinman, are themselves Chinese. Six of us are anthropologists, one a psychiatrist, and one an anthropologist-psy- chiatrist. Yan, Jing, Pan, Wu, and Guo took their PhDs at Harvard. Lee and Zhang were postdoctoral fellows at Harvard. Kleinman, who has taught at Harvard for thirty-five years, was on the PhD committees of Yan, Jing, Pan, Wu, and Guo at Harvard and Zhang at UC Berkeley. Kleinman supervised the postdoctoral fellow- ships of Lee and Zhang at Harvard Medical School. Five of us teach in China: Jing Jun at Tsinghua University (Beijing), Pan Tianshu at Fudan University (Shanghai), Wu Fei and Guo Jinghua at Peking University (Beijing), and Sing Lee at the Chi- nese University of Hong Kong. Yunxiang Yan is a professor at UCLA, Everett Zhang at Princeton, and Arthur Kleinman at Harvard. Yan, Jing, Wu, and Guo have worked ix