Decision Support System. Tools and Techniques

394 Pages·2023·25.838 MB·English

by  Susmita Bandyopadhyay

Decision Support System
This book presents different tools and techniques used for Decision Support Systems (DSS),
including decision tree and table, and their modifications, multi-criteria decision analysis tech-
niques, network tools of decision support, and various case-based reasoning methods supported
by examples and case studies. Latest developments for each of the techniques have been discussed
separately, and possible future research areas are duly identified as intelligent and spatial DSS.
Features:
• Discusses all the major tools and techniques for Decision Support System supported by
examples.
• Explains techniques considering their deterministic and stochastic aspects.
• Covers network tools including GERT and Q-GERT.
• Explains the application of both probability and fuzzy orientation in the pertinent techniques.
• Includes a number of relevant case studies along with a dedicated chapter on software.
This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in information systems, data analytics,
operation research, including management and computer science areas.
Decision Support System
Tools and Techniques
Susmita Bandyopadhyay
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
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and by CRC Press
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CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2023 Susmita Bandyopadhyay
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ISBN: 978-1-032-30992-7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-31022-0 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-30765-5 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003307655
Typeset in Times
by codeMantra
This book is dedicated to my mother and my teacher

Contents
About the Author ...........................................................................................................................xiii
Preface..............................................................................................................................................xv
Chapter 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................1
1.2 Classification of Decision Support System ........................................................1
1.3 Decision Support Tools .....................................................................................2
1.4 Overall Method of Decision-Making ................................................................3
1.5 Brief Introduction to Each Chapter in This Book .............................................4
Chapter 2 Decision Tree................................................................................................................7
2.1 Basic Concept ....................................................................................................7
2.2 Algorithms for Construction of Decision Tree ..................................................9
2.2.1 ID3 ......................................................................................................11
2.2.1.1 Temperature ......................................................................11
2.2.1.2 Humidity ..........................................................................12
2.2.1.3 Distance ............................................................................12
2.2.1.4 Expense ............................................................................13
2.2.1.5 Outlook .............................................................................14
2.2.1.6 Temperature ......................................................................15
2.2.1.7 Humidity ..........................................................................16
2.2.1.8 Distance ............................................................................16
2.2.1.9 Expense ............................................................................17
2.2.1.10 Outlook .............................................................................17
2.2.2 C4.5 ....................................................................................................19
2.3 Time Complexity of Decision Tree .................................................................20
2.4 Various Applications of Decision Tree ............................................................21
2.5 Conclusion .......................................................................................................21
References ..................................................................................................................21
Chapter 3 Decision Table ............................................................................................................23
3.1 Basic Concept ..................................................................................................23
3.1.1 Limited Entry Decision Table ............................................................26
3.1.2 Extended Entry Decision Table ..........................................................27
3.1.3 Mixed Entry Decision Table ..............................................................28
3.2 Approaches to Handle Inconsistency for Decision Tables ..............................29
3.3 Decision Table Languages ...............................................................................32
3.3.1 Base Language ...................................................................................32
3.3.2 Rule Selection .....................................................................................33
3.3.3 Outer Language ..................................................................................33
3.4 Different Modifications of Decision Table and Latest Trend ..........................34
3.5 Applications of Different Techniques on Decision Tables ..............................34
3.6 Conclusion .......................................................................................................35
References ..................................................................................................................35
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 4 Predicate Logic...........................................................................................................37
4.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................37
4.2 Latest Research Studies on Predicate and Propositional Logic ......................50
4.3 Conclusion .......................................................................................................50
References ..................................................................................................................51
Chapter 5 Fuzzy Theory and Fuzzy Logic .................................................................................53
5.1 Basic Concepts ................................................................................................53
5.2 Fuzzification and Defuzzification ....................................................................60
5.3 Some Advanced Fuzzy Sets ............................................................................61
5.4 Conclusion .......................................................................................................62
References ..................................................................................................................62
Chapter 6 Network Tools ............................................................................................................63
6.1 Basic Concepts ................................................................................................63
6.2 Gantt Chart ......................................................................................................71
6.3 Milestone Chart ...............................................................................................74
6.4 Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique..................................................76
6.5 Modifications of Traditional Tools ..................................................................84
6.6 Conclusion .......................................................................................................84
References ..................................................................................................................84
Chapter 7 Petri Net ......................................................................................................................87
7.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................87
7.2 Different Types of Petri Nets ...........................................................................89
7.2.1 Autonomous Petri Net ........................................................................90
7.2.2 State Graph .........................................................................................90
7.2.3 Event Graph ........................................................................................91
7.2.4 Conflict-Free Petri Net .......................................................................91
7.2.5 Free-Choice Petri Net .........................................................................91
7.2.6 Simple Petri Net .................................................................................92
7.2.7 Pure Petri Net .....................................................................................92
7.2.8 Generalized Petri Net .........................................................................93
7.2.9 Capacitated Petri Nets ........................................................................94
7.2.10 Bounded Petri Net ..............................................................................95
7.2.11 Safe Petri Net .....................................................................................95
7.2.12 Colored Petri Net ................................................................................96
7.2.13 Deadlock .............................................................................................97
7.3 Continuous and Hybrid Petri Nets ...................................................................97
7.4 Basic Modeling Construct of Petri Net ...........................................................99
7.5 Modifications of Different Types of Petri Nets and Latest Research
Trends ............................................................................................................104
7.6 Conclusion .....................................................................................................105
References ................................................................................................................106
Contents ix
Chapter 8 Markov Chain ...........................................................................................................109
8.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................109
8.2 Transition Probability ....................................................................................113
8.2.1 Calculation of Transition Probability from the Current State ..........113
8.2.2 Calculation of Transition Probability from the Current State
and the Previous State ......................................................................114
8.2.3 Calculation of Multi-Step Transition Probability .............................114
8.3 Classification of Markov Chain .....................................................................117
8.4 Some Other Miscellaneous Aspects ..............................................................119
8.4.1 Canonical Form of Transition Matrix ..............................................119
8.4.2 Steady-State Probabilities for a Regular Markov Chain ..................119
8.5 Variations and Modifications of Markov Chains ..........................................121
8.6 Markov Chain Monte Carlo...........................................................................122
8.6.1 Gibb’s Sampling ...............................................................................122
8.7 Applications of Markov Chain ......................................................................122
8.8 Conclusion .....................................................................................................123
References ................................................................................................................123
Chapter 9 Case-Based Reasoning .............................................................................................125
9.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................125
9.2 Basic Elements and Basic Method ................................................................127
9.2.1 Similarity and Retrieval ...................................................................128
9.2.2 CBR Tools ........................................................................................130
9.2.3 Case Presentation .............................................................................131
9.3 Advanced Methods of CBR ...........................................................................133
9.4 Applications of Case-Based Reasoning and Latest Research .......................138
9.5 Conclusion .....................................................................................................138
References ................................................................................................................140
Chapter 10 Multi-criteria Decision Analysis Techniques ...........................................................143
10.1 Basic Concept ................................................................................................143
10. 2 Benchmark MCDA Techniques .....................................................................144
10.2.1 TOPSIS .............................................................................................145
10.2.2 PROMETHEE ..................................................................................146
10.2.3 AHP ..................................................................................................148
10.2.4 ANP ..................................................................................................151
10.2.5 MAUT ..............................................................................................152
10.2.6 MACBETH ......................................................................................154
10.2.7 MOORA ...........................................................................................156
10.2.8 COPRAS ..........................................................................................157
10.2.9 WASPAS ..........................................................................................158
10.2.10 MABAC ...........................................................................................158
10.3 Comparison among MCDA Techniques........................................................159
10.3.1 Theoretical Comparison ...................................................................160
10.3.2 Rank Correlation Methods ...............................................................160
10.3.3 A Newly Proposed Method ..............................................................162
x Contents
10.4 Modification of MCDA Techniques ..............................................................165
10.5 Conclusion .....................................................................................................166
References ................................................................................................................166
Chapter 11 Some Other Tools .....................................................................................................167
11.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................167
11.2 Linear Programming .....................................................................................167
11.2.1 Simplex Method ...............................................................................168
11.2.1.1 Iteration 1 .......................................................................170
11.2.1.2 Iteration 2 .......................................................................173
11.2.1.3 Iteration 3 .......................................................................176
11.2.2 Two-Phase Method ...........................................................................179
11.2.2.1 Phase – I .........................................................................180
11.2.2.2 First Iteration ..................................................................180
11.2.2.3 Iteration 2 .......................................................................183
11.2.3 Big-M Method ..................................................................................186
11.2.3.1 First Iteration ..................................................................188
11.2.3.2 Second Iteration ..............................................................190
11.2.3.3 LPP with Unbounded Solution .......................................193
11.2.4 Dual Simplex Method ......................................................................196
11.2.5 Linear Fractional Programming.......................................................200
11.3 Simulation ......................................................................................................205
11.3.1 Linear Congruential Generator (LCG) ............................................209
11.3.2 Multiplicative Congruential Generator (MCG) ................................210
11.4 Big Data Analytics ........................................................................................211
11.5 Internet of Things ..........................................................................................214
11.6 Conclusion .....................................................................................................215
References ................................................................................................................215
Chapter 12 Spatial Decision Support System .............................................................................217
12.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................217
12.2 Components of SDSS ....................................................................................219
12.3 SDSS Software ..............................................................................................220
12.4 GRASS GIS Software ...................................................................................221
12.5 Conclusion .....................................................................................................225
References ................................................................................................................225
Chapter 13 Data Warehousing and Data Mining ........................................................................227
13.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................227
13.2 Data Warehouse .............................................................................................227
13.3 Data Mining...................................................................................................229
13.3.1 Process of Data Mining ....................................................................231
13.3.2 Predictive Modeling .........................................................................231
13.3.2.1 Linear Regression ...........................................................232
13.3.3 Multiple Linear Regression ..............................................................234
13.3.3.1 Assumptions for MLR ....................................................237
13.3.3.2 Linearity .........................................................................237
13.3.3.3 Homoscedasticity ...........................................................237