CSIRO LAND AND WATER Decision Support System for Investigating Gas in Water B ores and Links to Coal Seam G as Development Dirk Mallants, Matthias Raiber, and Phil Davies August, 2016 For: Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines Copyright and disclaimer © 2016 CSIRO To the extent permitted by law, all rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means except with the written permission of CSIRO. Citation This report should be cited as: Mallants D, Raiber M, and Davies P (2016) Decision Support System for investigating gas in water bores and links to coal seam gas development. Project report prepared by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) for the Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines. Important disclaimer CSIRO advises that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research. 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If you are having difficulties with accessing this document please [email protected] ii Table of Contents Decision Support System for Investigating Gas in Water Bores and Links to Coal Seam Gas Development i Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... iii Figures .......................................................................................................................................................... v Tables ....................................................................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................... x Executive summary xi 1 Introduction 1 2 Desktop process to assess causes for increased gas in bores 2 2.1 Properties of methane and associated risks ................................................................................... 2 2.2 Gas sources, release mechanisms, and transport pathways .......................................................... 4 2.3 Elements of the Decision Support System ...................................................................................... 7 3 LEVEL 1: desktop assessment 10 3.1 Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 10 3.2 Observed gas in water bores ......................................................................................................... 13 3.3 Aquifer protection level ................................................................................................................ 13 3.4 Immediately and long‐term affected areas .................................................................................. 18 3.5 Distance to gas pathway ............................................................................................................... 21 3.6 Proximity to CSG production wells ................................................................................................ 26 3.7 Bore construction and age ............................................................................................................ 28 4 LEVEL 2: Hydrochemical analyses 34 4.1 Previous studies in Australian coal basins .................................................................................... 34 4.2 Assigning hydrostratigraphic units at bore screens ...................................................................... 39 4.3 Normal distribution testing for hydrochemical data .................................................................... 41 4.4 Derivation of trigger levels for key hydrochemical parameters ................................................... 42 4.5 Trend analysis of hydrochemical data .......................................................................................... 45 4.6 Additional cluster analysis of hydrochemical parameters ............................................................ 49 4.7 Summary of Level 2 decision tree ................................................................................................. 52 5 LEVEL 3: Methane analyses 54 5.1 Previous studies in Australian coal basins .................................................................................... 54 5.2 Normal distribution testing for methane data .............................................................................. 55 5.3 Derivation of trigger levels for methane ....................................................................................... 58 iii 5.4 Trend analysis of methane data .................................................................................................... 60 5.5 Geographic mapping of methane concentrations ........................................................................ 61 5.6 Summary of Level 3 decision tree ................................................................................................. 62 6 Summary 63 Glossary 64 References 65 Appendix 1 Statistical analysis of hydrochemistry 69 Appendix 2 Hierarchical cluster analysis 80 Appendix 3 Geographic maps of methane concentration 92 Appendix 4 Hypothetical examples 100 iv Figures Figure 1 Methane gas solubility as function of temperature and salinity at atmospheric pressure (based on data from Wiesenburg and Guinasso (1979)). ........................................................................................ 3 Figure 2 Methane gas solubility as function of pressure and temperature (based on data from Duan et al. 1992). Right plot provides a magnified view of the shaded area in the left plot. ........................................ 4 Figure 3 Groundwater level decline for water bore in the Gubberamunda Sandstone – levels in m below surface (top) and m AHD (Australian Height Datum) (bottom) (Coal Seam Gas Globe 2015). .................... 5 Figure 4 Three‐level Decision Support System to screen water impaired bores or bores with increased gas. For LEVEL 1 trigger levels, see Table 4. Sampling for microbiological analysis is described in Smith‐ Comeskey (2015). ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 5 Conceptual Model of the Groundwater Systems in the Surat Cumulative Management Area (QWC 2012) ................................................................................................................................................ 14 Figure 6 Stratigraphy of the Surat basin (QWC, 2012). .............................................................................. 15 Figure 7 Stratigraphic table of the Surat Basin with indication of main aquifers, aquitards and APL score. .......................................................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 8 Groundwater level variation for water bore in the Condamine River Alluvium (Coal Seam Gas Globe 2015) ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Figure 9 Extent of immediately affected areas (Coal Seam Gas Globe 2015). ........................................... 20 Figure 10 Extent of the long‐term affected areas (Coal Seam Gas Globe 2015). ....................................... 21 Figure 11 Schematic representation of groundwater‐driven gas migration from a gas pathway to a water bore. ........................................................................................................................................................... 22 Figure 12 Top: Conceptual model for simulating 3D solute transport in groundwater based on cylindrical coordinates. Bottom: time history of chemical breakthrough at different bores. .................................... 22 Figure 13 Calculated breakthrough curves at five different times since gas release (v = 20 m/y). ........... 23 Figure 14 (a) Calculated dilution factor (C /C ) for three values of pore velocity (v). (b) DGP score max 0 derived from dilution factor for three values of pore velocity. ................................................................. 23 Figure 15 Conceptual diagram of gas migration in the Surat Basin near Roma due to pressure gradient and buoyancy, and migration pathways (APLNG 2010). ............................................................................ 25 Figure 16 Conceptual model of potential gas flow towards CSG well and water bore. Gas pathway 1 is potentially due to groundwater abstraction, gas pathway 2 is potentially due to CSG extraction. .......... 26 Figure 17 Minimum separation distance required to avoid neighbouring bores impacting one another. 27 Figure 18 Design of multiple aquifer bore (left) and flowing aquifer bore (NUDLC 2012). ....................... 28 Figure 19 Potential pathways for leakage along a bore with poor integrity, including flow along the material interfaces (a, b, f) and through well cements and casings (c, d, e). (Nordbotten et al. 2005) .... 29 Figure 20 Schematic representation of potential coal seam gas preferential pathways via leaky bores and faults. Preferential pathway (1) considers migration of methane into the water bore via corroded bore casing while pathway (2) considers gas flow through fractured/degraded bore seal (for details of pathway, see Figure 19 a, c, f). ................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 21 Bores in the Surat Basin, by age and depth and divided in age classes (source: SKM 2013). .... 33 Figure 22 Bores by depth age and casing material (source: SKM 2013). ................................................... 33 v Figure 23 Generic representation of aquifer interactions along the recharge flow path and methane generation. Note: These processes are shown along the flow path, but they do not necessarily occur sequentially (Dahm et al. 2014). ................................................................................................................ 35 Figure 24 (a) and (b): Na/Cl ratios versus alkalinity/Cl ratios and Na/Cl versus Na/alkalinity ratios respectively for CSG groundwater samples from (a) and (b) Surat Basin (Roma and Dalby). (c) and (d): Total chloride concentrations for CSG groundwaters from the Surat Basin (Roma and Dalby, QLD), the Illinois Basin (USA) , and the Bowen Basin (QLD) versus: (a) residual alkalinity, where residual alkalinity is defined as (HCO +CO ) − (Ca + Mg); and (b) pH (Source: Owen et al. 2015). ............................................ 36 3 3 Figure 25 Surat Basin stratigraphic and hydrologic units (Hamilton et al. 2014) ....................................... 37 Figure 26 Schoeller plot of water quality data from the Roma (solid lines) and Dalby (dotted lines) field studies (source: Papendick et al. 2011). ..................................................................................................... 38 Figure 27 Cross‐section through western Clarence‐Moreton Basin/eastern Surat Basin showing a hypothetical example where multiple screens occur in different formations (Hutton Sandstone and Evergreen assigned). In this example, the methane concentration cannot be included in the baseline assessment. ................................................................................................................................................ 40 Figure 28 Negatively skewed distribution, normal distribution and positively skewed distribution. ....... 42 Figure 29 Truth table used in hypothesis testing. ...................................................................................... 43 Figure 30 EPA reference power curves for three typical yearly statistical evaluation schedules — quarterly, semi‐annual, or annual (modified from US EPA 2009). ............................................................. 44 Figure 31 Normal distribution plot with indication of sigma (σ) levels and corresponding percentage of outcomes within 1, 2, etc. sigma levels from the mean (µ). ...................................................................... 45 Figure 32 Time series of water quality parameters for bore # 22372 (data source: DNRM, 2015). .......... 48 Figure 33 Frequency of cluster membership for major aquifers................................................................ 50 Figure 34 Distribution of clusters in the Surat and western Clarence‐Moreton basins and simplified surface geology for all aquifers. Major characteristics such as water type and median electrical conductivity and methane concentrations are also shown. ...................................................................... 51 Figure 35 Level 2 decision tree regarding hydrochemical and microbiological analyses........................... 53 Figure 36 Box‐Whisker plots of methane gas concentration in eight aquifer groups. Caps or whiskers at the end of each box indicate extreme values (10/90 percentiles), the box is defined by the lower and upper quartiles, and the line in the centre of the box is the median (values indicated). Aquitard formations in between aquifers are included. BMO = Bungil‐Mooga‐OralloOrallo Formation; WCM = Walloon Coal Measures. ............................................................................................................................. 57 Figure 37 Cumulative probability plots for dissolved methane concentration in major aquifers in the Surat. Vertical lines 3D and 4D represent mean concentration to detect a 3, respectively 4 standard deviation increase above the true mean background concentration. ....................................................... 59 Figure 38 Map of the Surat Cumulative Impact Area with dissolved methane measurements in the Bungil‐Mooga‐Orallo Formations (source data from the baseline surveys (CH concentrations) and 4 DNRM (2014) for CSG wells). ...................................................................................................................... 61 Figure 39 Level 3 decision tree regarding methane analyses (FA = forensic analysis). .............................. 62 Figure 40 Dendrogram of cluster analysis identifying seven major clusters. The separation threshold could be lowered further to increase the number of clusters. The clustering is based on the major ions, EC and methane concentrations. pH was not included into the clustering procedure as many groundwater chemistry records did not have a measured value for pH. Furthermore, many samples had either field pH or lab pH, but not both. All input parameters were log‐transformed prior to the clustering procedure, and outliers were removed. .................................................................................................... 80 vi Figure 41 Distribution of clusters in the Surat and western Clarence‐Moreton basins and simplified surface geology for the alluvial aquifers. Major characteristics such as water type and median electrical conductivity and methane concentrations are also shown. ...................................................................... 84 Figure 42 Distribution of clusters in the Surat and western Clarence‐Moreton basins and simplified surface geology for the BMO Group. Major characteristics such as water type and median electrical conductivity and methane concentrations are also shown. ...................................................................... 85 Figure 43 Distribution of clusters in the Surat and western Clarence‐Moreton basins and simplified surface geology for the Gubberamunda Sandstone. Major characteristics such as water type and median electrical conductivity and methane concentrations are also shown. ....................................................... 86 Figure 44 Distribution of clusters in the Surat and western Clarence‐Moreton basins and simplified surface geology for the Springbok Sandstone. Major characteristics such as water type and median electrical conductivity and methane concentrations are also shown. ....................................................... 87 Figure 45 Distribution of clusters in the Surat and western Clarence‐Moreton basins and simplified surface geology for the Walloon Coal Measures. Major characteristics such as water type and median electrical conductivity and methane concentrations are also shown. ....................................................... 88 Figure 46 Distribution of clusters in the Surat and western Clarence‐Moreton basins and simplified surface geology for the Hutton Sandstone. Major characteristics such as water type and median electrical conductivity and methane concentrations are also shown. ....................................................... 89 Figure 47 Distribution of clusters in the Surat and western Clarence‐Moreton basins and simplified surface geology for the Precipice Sandstone. Major characteristics such as water type and median electrical conductivity and methane concentrations are also shown. ....................................................... 90 Figure 48 Distribution of clusters in the Surat and western Clarence‐Moreton basins and simplified surface geology for the Clematis Group. Major characteristics such as water type and median electrical conductivity and methane concentrations are also shown. ...................................................................... 91 Figure 49 Map of the Surat Cumulative Impact Area with dissolved methane measurements in the Condamine alluvium (source data from the baseline surveys (CH concentrations) and DNRM (2014) for 4 CSG wells). .................................................................................................................................................. 93 Figure 50 Map of the Surat Cumulative Impact Area with dissolved methane measurements in the Gubberamunda Sandstone (source data from the baseline surveys (CH concentrations) and DNRM 4 (2014) for CSG wells). ................................................................................................................................. 94 Figure 51 Map of the Surat Cumulative Impact Area with dissolved methane measurements in the Springbok Sandstone (source data from the baseline surveys (CH concentrations) and DNRM (2014) for 4 CSG wells). .................................................................................................................................................. 95 Figure 52 Map of the Surat Cumulative Impact Area with dissolved methane measurements in the Walloon Coal Measures (source data from the baseline surveys (CH concentrations) and DNRM (2014) 4 for CSG wells). ............................................................................................................................................. 96 Figure 53 Map of the Surat Cumulative Impact Area with dissolved methane measurements in the Hutton Sandstone (source data from the baseline surveys (CH concentrations) and DNRM (2014) for 4 CSG wells). .................................................................................................................................................. 97 Figure 54 Map of the Surat Cumulative Impact Area with dissolved methane measurements in the Precipice Sandstone (source data from the baseline surveys (CH concentrations) and DNRM (2014) for 4 CSG wells). .................................................................................................................................................. 98 Figure 55 Map of the Surat Cumulative Impact Area with dissolved methane measurements in the Clematis Group (source data from the baseline surveys (CH concentrations) and DNRM (2014) for CSG 4 wells). .......................................................................................................................................................... 99 vii Tables Table 1 Linkage between gas source/pathway and assessment parameters regarding gas in bores. ........ 6 Table 2 Parameters and their scores used to calculate SCORE1 of the Level 1 desktop assessment. High scores mean higher likelihood that bore impairment is caused by CSG extraction................................... 11 Table 3 Likelihood levels, descriptors and their corresponding parameter score. Grey shaded cells will trigger Level 2 assessment. ........................................................................................................................ 12 Table 4 Trigger level for Step 2 investigations and likelihood levels included (SCORE1≥324) or excluded (SCORE1<324). ............................................................................................................................................ 12 Table 5 Aquifers considered in the DSS (for position in the stratigraphic column, see Figure 6 and Figure 7). ................................................................................................................................................................ 16 Table 6 Parameters for the 3D convection‐dispersion equation. .............................................................. 24 Table 7 Calculated DGP parameters as function of distance between a water bore and a gas source. .... 24 Table 8 Categorisation of bores into bore integrity categories (SKM 2013). The score is assigned to the BCA parameter. .......................................................................................................................................... 32 Table 9 Data availability for water bore integrity assessment in the Surat‐QLD (SKM 2013) .................... 32 Table 10 Raw well water chemical analyses (after: Papendick et al. 2011) ............................................... 37 Table 11 Availability of bore construction details (screened interval, depth, aquifer and stratigraphic information) for bores with methane concentrations in the Surat Basin and number of entries with known aquifers derived from 3D geological model. .................................................................................. 40 Table 12 Mann‐Kendall trend analysis applied to chemical parameters of bore # 22372. There is no trend if p‐value > 0.05 (at the 95% confidence level). ......................................................................................... 47 Table 13 Descriptive statistics of methane concentrations (mg/L) for eight aquifers in the Surat Basin (StDev=standard deviation). 3D = mean concentration to detect a 3 standard deviation increase above the true mean background; 4D = mean concentration to detect a 4 standard deviation increase above the true mean background. SW = Shapiro‐Wilk test for normality (p‐values > 0.05 indicate data is normally distributed). ................................................................................................................................. 56 Table 14 Action levels for dissolved methane in water wells (source: Eltschlager et al. 2001; Environmental Consultants 2012) .............................................................................................................. 60 Table 15 Descriptive statistics for calcium (Ca) concentration (mg/L) in groundwater bores. .................. 69 Table 16 Descriptive statistics for magnesium (Mg) concentration (mg/L) in groundwater bores. .......... 70 Table 17 Descriptive statistics for potassium (K) concentration (mg/L) in groundwater bores. ............... 71 Table 18 Descriptive statistics for sodium (Na) concentration (mg/L) in groundwater bores. .................. 72 Table 19 Descriptive statistics for chloride (Cl) concentration (mg/L) in groundwater bores. .................. 73 Table 20 Descriptive statistics for bicarbonate (HCO ) concentration (mg/L) in groundwater bores. ...... 74 3 Table 21 Descriptive statistics for sulfate (SO ) concentration (mg/L) in groundwater bores. ................. 75 4 Table 22 Descriptive statistics for total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration (mg/L) in groundwater bores. .......................................................................................................................................................... 76 Table 23 Descriptive statistics for fluoride (F) concentration (mg/L) in groundwater bores. .................... 77 Table 24 Descriptive statistics for pH in groundwater bores. .................................................................... 78 Table 25 Descriptive statistics for alkalinity (mg/L) in groundwater bores. ............................................... 79 Table 26 Median major ion concentrations, EC, methane, pH and major ion ratios ................................. 81 viii Table 27 Cluster membership of major hydrostratigraphic units. ............................................................. 82 ix Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the funding from the Queensland Government CSGCU. Useful discussions were held with a number of people. In particular, David Free and Ross Carruthers gave much useful information on the topic and provided data, technical reports and scientific papers. This report was subject to peer review by Dr. Allison Hortle (CSIRO) and Mr. Stan Smith (CSIRO). x
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