Decarbonization in the European Union: Internal Policies and External Strategies

289 Pages·2015·1.235 MB·English

by  Claire Dupont, Sebastian Oberthür (eds.)

Energy,ClimateandtheEnvironment
SeriesEditor:DavidElliott,EmeritusProfessorofTechnologyPolicy,
OpenUniversity,UK
Titlesinclude:
EspenMoe
RENEWABLEENERGYTRANSFORMATIONORFOSSILFUELBACKLASH
VestedInterestsinthePoliticalEconomy
ManuelaAchillesandDanaElzey(editors)
ENVIRONMENTALSUSTAINABILITYINTRANSATLANTICPERSPECTIVE
AMultidisciplinaryApproach
RobertAckrillandAdrianKay(editors)
THEGROWTHOFBIOFUELSINTHE21STCENTURY
PhilipAndrews-Speed
THEGOVERNANCEOFENERGYINCHINA
ImplicationsforFutureSustainability
GawdatBahgat
ALTERNATIVEENERGYINTHEMIDDLEEAST
IanBaileyandHughCompston(editors)
FEELINGTHEHEAT
ThePoliticsofClimatePolicyinRapidlyIndustrializingCountries
MehmetEfeBiresselioglu
EUROPEANENERGYSECURITY
Turkey’sFutureRoleandImpact
JonasDreger
THEEUROPEANCOMMISSION’SENERGYANDCLIMATEPOLICY
AClimateforExpertise?
BethEdmondsonandStuartLevy
CLIMATECHANGEANDORDER
TheEndofProsperityandDemocracy
DavidElliott(editor)
NUCLEARORNOT?
DoesNuclearPowerHaveaPlaceinaSustainableFuture?
NeilE.HarrisonandJohnMikler(editors)
CLIMATEINNOVATION
LiberalCapitalismandClimateChange
AntonioMarquina(editor)
GLOBALWARMINGANDCLIMATECHANGE
ProspectsandPoliciesinAsiaandEurope
EspenMoeandPaulMidford(editors)
THEPOLITICALECONOMYOFRENEWABLEENERGYANDENERGYSECURITY
CommonChallengesandNationalResponsesinJapan,Chinaand
NorthernEurope
MarlyneSahakian
KEEPINGCOOLINSOUTHEASTASIA
EnergyConsumptionandUrbanAir-Conditioning
BenjaminK.Sovacool
ENERGY&ETHICS
JusticeandtheGlobalEnergyChallenge
JosephSzarka,RichardCowell,GeraintEllis,PeterA.Strachanand
CharlesWarren(editors)
LEARNINGFROMWINDPOWER
Governance,SocietalandPolicyPerspectivesonSustainableEnergy
ThijsVandeGraaf
THEPOLITICSANDINSTITUTIONSOFGLOBALENERGYGOVERNANCE
XuYi-chong(editor)
NUCLEARENERGYDEVELOPMENTINASIA
ProblemsandProspects
ClaireDupontandSebastianOberthür(editors)
DECARBONIZATIONINTHEEUROPEANUNION
InternalPoliciesandExternalStrategies
Energy,ClimateandtheEnvironment
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Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XS,UK.
Decarbonization in the
European Union
Internal Policies and External Strategies
Editedby
Claire Dupont
SeniorResearcher,InstituteforEuropeanStudies,VrijeUniversiteitBrussel,Belgium
and
Sebastian Oberthür
AcademicDirector,InstituteforEuropeanStudies,VrijeUniversiteitBrussel,Belgium
Editorialmatter,selection,introductionandconclusion©Claire
DupontandSebastianOberthür2015
Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2015
Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis
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In memoriam Marc Pallemaerts
This volume is dedicated to Marc Pallemaerts. It was in the middle
of this project that the news of Marc’s sudden and unexpected death
on 2 May 2014 reached us and left us in shock. We cannot possibly
do justice here to Marc’s rich contribution to environmental law and
policy in Belgium and internationally in scholarly, societal and polit-
ical terms. For glimpses of his contribution, we refer the reader to a
number of tributes that are already available, including http://www
.klimaat.be/nl-be/news/20142/hommage-aan-marc-pallemaerts; http://
www.ieep.eu/about-us/in-memory-of-marc-pallemaerts/;http://www.om
gevingsrecht.be/opinie/hommage-aan-marc-pallemaerts. Here, we wish
topaytributetoMarc’sroleasarespectedcolleagueandcherishedfriend
during the early years at the Institute for European Studies (IES), Vrije
UniversiteitBrussel(VUB),andafterwards.
Marc was among the very first staff of the IES, and he served as a
Senior Research Fellow from 2002 to late 2005. As such, he helped
set up and shape the Institute, including, in particular, its environ-
mental arm that since has taken the form of the IES research clus-
ter on Environment and Sustainable Development (http://www.ies.be/
research/EnvironmentandSustainableDevelopment).Hewasalsoinstru-
mental in attracting the Institute’s first Academic Director (whom he
encouraged to apply) and in framing the IES research strategy, valid to
thepresentday,focusingonEuropeandtheEuropeanUnion(EU)inan
internationalcontext.
CollaborationcontinuedafterMarclefttheIEStobecomeaSeniorFel-
low at the Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP). He was
the driving force behind the establishment of the joint IES–IEEP Envi-
ronmental Policy Forum, which has since grown into one of the main
event outlets of the Institute, the IES Policy Forum (http://www.ies.be/
events/policy-forums).Healsoremainedinvolvedinthesupervisionof
severalIESPhDstudents.Theeditorsofthisbookfurthermorelookback
atthefruitfulcooperationwithMarcontheverysuccessfulpublication
oftheeditedvolumeTheNewClimatePoliciesoftheEuropeanUnion:Inter-
nalLegislationandClimateDiplomacy(2010),whichitselfemanatedfrom
cooperation on a lecture series on ‘The European Union and the Fight
againstGlobalClimateChange’inautumn2008.
Duringalltheseyears,wecherishedMarc’sunwaveringstraightforward-
ness and his uncompromising dedication to core values, including the
environment and human rights. By dedicating this book to him, we
hope to contribute to keeping his memory and commitment alive.
We are confident that he would have liked the analysis of this book,
althoughittookmoretimetocompletethanhe,asitturnedout,had.
Marc’scontributionandinfluencearestillfeltandappreciated,includ-
ingattheIES.Wemisshimasacolleagueandfriend.Hewas,andwill
remain, a strong source of inspiration and encouragement for many at
theIESandbeyond.
TheInstituteforEuropeanStudies,Brussels,February2015
BartDeSchutter SebastianOberthür ClaireDupont
President AcademicDirector SeniorResearcher
Contents
ListofTablesandFigures ix
SeriesEditor’sPreface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
NotesonContributors xiv
ListofAcronymsandAbbreviations xvi
1 DecarbonizationintheEU:SettingtheScene 1
ClaireDupontandSebastianOberthür
2 TheEUInternalEnergyMarketandDecarbonization 25
RadostinaPrimova
3 ThePowerSector:PioneerandWorkhorseof
Decarbonization 46
StefanLechtenböhmerandSaschaSamadi
4 ElectricityGrids:NoDecarbonizationwithout
Infrastructure 70
ThomasSattich
5 DecarbonizingIndustryintheEU:Climate,Tradeand
IndustrialPolicyStrategies 92
MaxÅhmanandLarsJ.Nilsson
6 Transport:AddictedtoOil 115
TomvanLierandCathyMacharis
7 Buildings:GoodIntentionsUnfulfilled 137
ElinLerumBoassonandClaireDupont
8 TheGeopoliticsoftheEU’sDecarbonizationStrategy:
ABird’sEyePerspective 159
TomCasier
9 DecarbonizationandEURelationswiththeCaspianSea
Region 180
ClaireDupont
vii
viii Contents
10 EvolutionsandRevolutionsinEU–RussiaEnergyRelations 201
OlgaKhrushchevaandTomasMaltby
11 EU–NorwayEnergyRelationstowards2050:FromFossil
FuelstoLow-CarbonOpportunities? 222
TorbjørgJevnaker,LeivLundeandJonBirgerSkjærseth
12 Conclusions:LessonsLearned 244
ClaireDupontandSebastianOberthür
Index 266
Tables and Figures
Tables
3.1 ScenariostudiesoftheEuropeanenergyandelectricity
systemto2050 48
7.1 SelectionofEUDirectivescontributingtoimproved
energyperformanceofbuildings 139
8.1 Summaryoftheimpactofdecarbonizationontherole
ofEUenergypartners 169
9.1 NaturalgasimportinginfrastructurecapacityinEUin
2012andexpectedcapacityin2022(measuredinbcm) 185
11.1 NorwegianEEAgrantsforenergyandclimate
programmes2009–2014 227
11.2 NorwegiantranspositionoftheEUclimateandenergy
packageandrelatedactsasofOctober2014 230
Figures
1.1 GHGemissionsintheEU-28andEU-15between1990
and2012 5
1.2 Progresstowards2020renewableandenergyefficiency
targetsintheEU-28 6
1.3 EU-28GHGemissiontrajectorytoreachreductionof
80–95percentby2050 7
3.1 Changesinelectricitydemandfortraditionalandnew
appliances,comparisonofscenariosfor2050,EU-27 50
3.2 Sharesofvarioussourcesofelectricityinmeeting
Europeangrosselectricitydemandandsharesof
fluctuatingrenewablesin2012(actual)andin2050
accordingtoscenarios 52
4.1 DevelopmentofdifferentenergycarriersintheEU-28
from2000to2012 71
4.2 Shareofintermittentandnon-intermittentrenewables
intheEU-27(percentofallrenewable-generated
electricity) 74
4.3 Calculatedperareagenerationofintermittentelectricity
(solar,tidal,wind)(MWh/km2) 76
ix