dec :: dtj :: dtj v06-02 1994

82 Pages·1994·8.4 MB·English

• AlphaA XP PartnersC-rayR,a ytheoKnu,b ota
• DECchi2p1 0711210P7C2I C hipS ets
• DLT2000T apeD rive
DigiTteaclh nJiocuarln al
DigitEaqlu ipmeCnotr poration
•• Volum6e N umber 2
Spri1n9g9 4
Editorial AdvisoBroya rd
JanCe. B lakMea,n agiEndgi tor SamueHl.F ullCehra,i rman
KathleMe.Sn t etsEodni,t or RichaWr dB eane
HeleLn.P atterEsdoint,o r DonalZd.H arbert
RicharHdo]l.l ingsworth
Circulation
CatherMi.nP eh illips, AdministArlaatGn.oN re meth
DorothBe.Ca a ssaSdeyc,r etary JeaAn .P roulx
JeffrHe.R yu dy
Production StaSnm its
TerrAiu tiePrrio,d uctEidoint or
RoberMt.S upnik
AnnSe. K atzeTfyfp,o grapher
GaynB .W inters
PeteRr.W oodbu,rl yllustrator
TheD igital Tjeocuhrnnaiilsca r aelf erjeoeudr npaulb lisqhueadr tebryDl iyg ital
EquipmeCnotr porat3i0oP no,r tReora LdJ 02/DLli0t,t leMtaosns,a chus0e1t4t6s0 .
Subscripttoit ohnjeso urnaalr $e4 0.(0n0o n-U$.6S0.f) o fro uirs suaensd$ 75.(0n0o n­
U.S$.1 15f)o eri ghits suaensdm ustb ep repaiinUd . Sf.u ndUsn.i verasnidtc yo llege
profesasnodrP sh .Ds.t udeinntt sh ee lectreincgailn eearnidnc go mputsecri ence
filedrse ceicvoem plimenstuabrsyc riputpioonrn esq ueOsrtd.e risn,q uiraineds ,
addrecshsa ngsehso ubldes enttot hDe igiTteaclh njiocuarnla altt hep ublished-by
addreIsnsq.u irciaenas l sboe s enetl ectrontiocD aTlJl@yC RL.DECS.iCnOgMcl.oe p ies
andb aciks suaersae v ailfabo$lr1e 6 .0e0a cbhy c alliDnEgC diraetc1 8t-0 0-DIGITAL
Caver Design (1-800-344R-e4c8e2n5bt)a .ci ks suoefts h jeo urnaalr eal saov ailaobnt lheeI nternet
Ourc ovedri spltahyleso goosft hreDei gital atg atekeepe.rc.odimen tc hed irect/opruyb /DEC/DECinfo/DTJ.
Alpha partners-RCersaeya rRcahy,t heon,
AXP Digiteamlp loyemeasyo rdesru bscriptthiroonusRg eha deCrhso icbeye ntervrxi ng
andK ubotGar aphics-wphroe sepnatp ers PROIFLaEt t hes ystepmr ompt.
int hiiss suTeh.eg raphaiccc ompanyeiancgh Commentosn t hec onteonfat n yp apearr ewe lcomeadn dm ayb es entto t hem anaging
logroe presaenna tssp eocftt h tee chnology editaottr h ep ublisheodrn- ebtyw oardkd ress.
descriCbreadRy.e sear3c-hDt' osr uisn tercon­Copyrit©g h199D4i giEtqauli pmeCnotr poratCioopny.i nwigt hofuetie s p ermitted
nectinoent woirsdk e sigansea dc ubwei th providtehdas tu ccho piaersem adef ours ei ne ducatiionnsatli tubtyif oancsu lmetmy­
connecotpepdo sifnagc euss;i ntgh redei men­ berasn da rneo td istribfuotre dc ommeardcviaanlt aAgbes.t racwtiitnchgr edoift
DigiEtqauli pmeCnotr porataiuotnh'osr sihspi epr mittAeldl. rrigehstesr ved.
sionisso ptimufmo sry stewmist h hundreds
ort housaonfdsp rocesasnodri sn creases Thei nformaitnit ohjne o urnailss ubjetcoct h angwei thonuott iacned s hounldo tb e
constrausea dc ommitmebnyDt i gitEqauli pmeCnotr poratoirbo ynt hec ompanies
systreems iliaenndbc ayn dwidTthhei. m age
hererienp resenDtiegdi.tE qauli pmeCnotr porataisosnu mneosr esponsifboiarln iyt y
nexttot hKeu botlao gwoa sg enerabyt ed errotrhsa mta ya ppeairnt hjeo urnal.
ColiSnh aropfP rojeSceqtu oiaatt* h Sea n ISS0N8 98-901DXo cumentaNtuimobn eEr Y-F9E4T7-J
DiegSou percompCuetnetrue sri nKgu bota's
Thef oolwlinagr ter ademaorfDk isg itEaqlu ipmeCnotr poratAilopnh:Aa X P, ADXEP,C ,
graphaiccsc eleraantdao nrA lphAXPa work­ DECchiDpE,C systDeimg,i ttahleD, I GITlAoLg HoS,C M,i crVoA XO,p enV MSP,D P-1T1A,,
statiForno.md atsae tosfw indv ectors, ULTRIXV,AX , aVnAdX camera.
temperataunrdme e,a suremeonfwt ast er BYTiEs a r egistterraedde moafrM kc Graw-HIinlcl.,
contean vti,r t3u-aDlw orledm ergiens CRAY-1C,R AYY -MMP,P PA pprentaincdUe N,!C OSa rre egistterraedde maarnkds
whicahs cienctaines xtp loarnedt eshytp oth­ ATExpeCrRtA,F CfR,A YC 90,C RAYC 916C,R AYT 3DC,r aTyo talViaenwdU, N !C OSM AX
eseRsa.y theoann'sa lyosfii tsms i litarized aret rademaorfCk rsa Rye searIcnhc,.
Alpha computiesrr e presehnetrebyed Denaalnid K ubotaar ter ademaorfKk usb otGar aphiCcosr poration.
AXP
at hermmaalp i;n c ontrtaocs otm mercial E2COTiSsa t rademoafrR ka ytheCoonm pany.
computwehrisc ohp eraitnte h rae nge EXABYTiEsa r egistterraedde moafrE kX ABYTCEo rporation.
of0 d egreCet so5 0d egreCe,cs o mputers HarvaGrrda phiicsast rademoafrS ko ftwaPrueb lishCoirnpgo ration.
desigfnoemrdi lituasremy u sotp eraitne Hewlett-Paicsakr aergdi stterraedde moafrH ke wlett-PaCcokmapradn y.
ar angaesw idaes degreCet so
-54 85 mM isa r egistered torfaI dnetmearrnka tBiuosnianle ss MaCcohripnoersa tion.
degreeUsn derlyailtnlhg e siem ageiss
C. Intelln,te l4a8n6dP, e ntiaurmet rademaorflknst Ceolr poration.
ap hotomicroogftr haAeplp hh a micro­
AX.P MIPiSsa t rademoafrM kI PCSo mputSeyrs temIsn,c .
procesussoebyrd eaccho mpantyoc reate
Motoroilsaa registtreardeedm oafrM ko toroIlnac,.
highperformsaynsctee ms.
M5-DOiSsa r egistterraedde maanrdkW indowNsT i sat rademoafrM ki crosoft
Thec ovewra sd esigbyn ejdo eP ozerycki,]r.,C orporation.
ofD igitDaels'isGg rno up.
Paintbriusasr he gistterraedde moafrZ ks ofCto rporation.
PALi sar egistterraedde moafrA kd vancMeidc rDoe vicIensc,.
*S equoia isa l argien,t erdisciplinary
2000
reseaarncdhd evelopmpernotg rtaomc reate PosStcriipsatr egistterraedde moafrA kd obSey stems Incorporated.
thset oradgaet,a base, visaunadln iezta­tionSP,E Cifspar egistterraedde moafrtkh Set andaPredr formaEnvcael uaCtoiuonnc il.
workisnygs tesmcsi entniesettdos s tudtyh e TotalViiseat w r ademoafrB ko lBte ranaenkd N ewmanI nc.
complexoiftg ileosb al change. ProjecUNIXt iSsaer qeugiositate rraedde mianrt kh eU nitSetda taensdo thecro untrliiecse,n esxecdl u­
iss upporttherdo uagp hr imary grant sivetlhyr ough X/COopmepna nLyt,d .
2000
froDmi giitnap la rtnerwsihtifhpu nding VxWorkissa t rademoafrW ki ndR ivSeyrs tems.
fronmu meroiunsd ussttrya,ta en,df ederal X WindoSwy steimsa t rademaofrt kh eM assachusIentsttsi onf1T teec hnology.
governmpeanrtt ners. Book produwcatsid oonn eb yQ uantCiocm municatiIonncs.,
I
Contents
6 Foreword
ScotAt .G ordon
AlphaAXP Partners-CrRaayy,t heoKnu,b ota
8 A SharedM emory MPP from CrayR esearch
R. Kent KocnMianrgkeF ru,r tneayn,d M artiWna lker
22 The E2COTSS ystema ndA lphaA XP Technology:
The New ComputerS tandardf orM ilitaryU se
RoberCto uranz
34 VolumeR endering wtihteKh u bota3 D Imaginga nd
GraphicAsc celerator
RonalDd. L evine
DECchi2p1 071/210PC7I2 C hipS ets
49 DevelopmenotfD igitaPl'Cs/C hipS etsa ndE valutaionK it
fort heD ECchip2 106M4i croprocessor
SamyojitAa. N adkraniW,a lkeAnrd erson,L aureMn. Carlosn,D avidK ravitz,
Mitche0l.lN orcorssa,n dT homasM .W enners
DLT200T0a peD rive
62 Analysiosf DatCao mpressioinnt he DLT2000 TDarpiev e
DaviCd. C ressman
I
EditorI'nst roduction
KubotGar aphiacdsv'a nc3eDd i mgaing and
graphaiccsc eleriasut soerid n D igilt'DasE C3 000
AlphAaX Pw orktsatioannsdi nK ubotsa w'ork­
stantsiR.oo nL evnies'p apeirtn ewreaveasd escrip­
tioonf t heK ubotaa ccelerpartooudrc tw itha
tutaOrloi ni magignrga,p hiacnsdv, o lumree nder­
ign. Hbeeg ibnysd isgtuiinshibnegt weeinm aging
andg raphitcescn holgoieasn dt herielra tiopn sthoi
I'
voluemr endergi mnethodHset .h erne vieawpsp ­li
catiaorne assu,c ahs m edical imaangdsi enigs mic
explotriaonan,d e xpadns ovnol uem rednergi n
tehcniqueTsh.ef niasle ctiaodnde rssetsh Keu bota
JaneC .B lake
impelmentiao,tnt hef irdsets tkop-lesvyeslt etmo
ManaginEgd itor
proivdien etractviolvuem ree ndering.
Digietnaclo uersab groaiddn utsrya ppliicoant
Thiiss soufet hDei gitTaelc hnicjaolu rnaplr esentso ft heA lphAaX Pf amiyl ofm icroprocessors.
paperfsr omt here compaines-CrRaeys recah, SamN adkarWnalie,kr A ndesronL,a ureCna rlson,
Raytheoann,dK ubotGara phics-htahvadete vel­DaveK raviMtizt,hc Norcroasnsd,T o m Wenners
opedh gih-poerrmfaen csystebmass eodn the descer tihbec hispe tso-nec osftoc useadn do ne
AlphAaX P6 4-bmiitc orporcess.A olrsoic nluded perofrmanfcoceu sed-sysdteesmi gneruss etcO a n
heraeer papesa rboutt heA lphAaX P csheitpfs or eaisyl budi lPCI-baAslpehda A XP2 106s4y stems.
buidlignP (Jb-asesdy steamndso nt hce ompressioTnh ea utohrasl spore senatno verivewo ft hEeB 64+
techniuqsueeid n t hDeL T20t00a peo dpurct. evlauaotnik itT.hi sc ompaniotnot hec hip sets
CraRyes earcthhp,e a arlellv ectporro cesasnodr givedse signsearmsp ldeei sgnasn da ne valutaion
supercotmipnupgi oen,reh asd evelopietfdsi rst pltaofrmw hicahl lotwhse tmo q uickelvyla ueat the
massivpealryla elplr oces(sMoPrP f)or customersc osatn dp erofrmnacei mplciatioonfts h ediers ign
whos eetkh per iec/peorrfmancaed vagnetsoa fa n choices.
MPP desiKgenn.tK oAesnn ige,Mr arFku rtyn,ae mi Thes taotf-eht-e-aDrLtT 2000 dtraipveoe fe frs
MartWianl ekre xplaiCnr,a syM 'PP usehsu ndreds higdha ttah orugphutu,p t o3 Mb ytesa/nsdh, g ih
off ascto mmercimailco rprocessionr st,ch aisse datcaa pac,ui ptt yo 3b0yGt e(sc ompresDsaevdi)d.
DigitsaD lEC'chi2p1 06w4h;e reaa psa rlaelvle ctor Cressmoaunti lnetsh pero ducits sutehsad tro vet he
procesussoerds o zeonfsc usto(mm oere xpeinvse) DLT200d0e velopmaenndtt h edne tatihleds e vel­
vectporro cessTohresip.ra pefroc useosnt hCeR AY operisvn'e sttiigoaonft hep erotrmanciem patcot
T3Ds ysmt-eanM PPd esignteoed n abal wei de thtea pderi vdee siogftn w od iefrefndta tcao mpres­
rangoefa ppilcatsit oosn ustpaeironfr manclee velss ioanl goritthhmeLs e,m pel-aZgloirvi thamn d the
hgihetrh atnh osaet teadio nnp arlaelvle ctor prIom­porvedD atRae coirgnd Capalbiit(yI DRaC)lo g­
cessoTrhsea. u tohrsre vimewa josry staesmp ects,r ithHme.r evietwhste e sctosn dcutetdo m easure
inlcundgit hep rorgammign modetlh,e 3 -Dt orus comprseisoenff icieanncddy a ttah orugphutr ates.
itnerconnaencdt ,tp hhey sicdasiltlryi ebdul,to gi­Thet esrtes ultusne,x petcedb yd evelopreervse,a l
callsyh aerdm emoyr thatt he deussiiggnL ne mpei-cZoimvp rseisogne n­
For tUh.eSm .i tlraiyR,a ythehoansd esignaend eralalcyh ieeshv gihesrt oracgaepc aitayn dd ata
extendeendv ironmceonmtm,e rcoifa-flte h-shelf thorughuptr attehsa tnh IeRD C-basdcecsli. g n
(E2COTcSo)m putbears eodn t hDeE Cchi2p1 0/6668
AXPvme 6b4o ar.Bd obC ouradnsizc usstehsce ha­r
acteriosftt hiEec2 sC OTbSo artdha tp rovitdheme i l­
itrayw itcho satn dp erofrmancaed vaangtesH.e
desicbrehso wd esignaedrrdse sstehde m itlairsy '
reiia iblirteyqi uremenotnse, w ohfi cihsc ompuetr
operatioan w iidnet emperatruanrgee -of5 4
degreCe tso8 5d egreCe Psa ckagmiondgi fications
madeb yR aytheionnc lurdeec oingfuratoifto hne
modulbeo arfdorc onductcioooinlgn aosp posteod
thceo nvectciooonl intgh ceoo fm mercpiroadlu ct.
2
I
Biographies
WalkeAnrd ersonA pricnipeanlg inienet rh eS emiconduEcntgoirn eering
GrouWpa,l keArn dersiosn curtrhemena tnlayg eorfg raphaincdms u lteidmia
chpi verificHaewt aisto hnve.e rifitceaatlmie oandf eotrrh NeY AX chifpo ra nd
thDeE Cch2i1p0 71/2c1h0i7p2 sweetlsas l a ac so -leoaftd hevere rifitceaatmi on
foarf uture AAXlPcp hhiaBp e.f ojrioen iDniggi tian1l 9 88W,al ekrw asa d iag­
nostaincdt esbtiatlyei nginienea r C PUd evelopgmreonuatpt D atGae neral
Corporation yefaorrHs eh.e o ilgadhB st.S . E.E.( 198f0r)o Cmo renlUln vieristy
andan M BA..( 198f5r) oBmo stUonni vetry.s i
.
LaureMn. CarlsoAn s enihoarrd wareen gineienr tSheem iconductor
EngineeGrrionugp , LCaaurrlesincso un renrtwloyr nkgio nt hdee siogfa nc ore
logcihcis pef to arn ewm icorprcoessPorri.to otr h issh,we o rkoendt hdee siogfn
thcea che/mecmoonrtlyrel oro ft hDeE Cch2i1p0 c7h1i ps eatn dc omptleetdh e
hadrwarfeu nctivoenrcaialft iiooftn h e csheoitnp t hEeB 64e+v aaltuiboona rd.
Laurheanas l scoo ntrtietbdout hdee siogftn h 1e/ 0c onotlerlra nsdy stmeomd ule
oft hVeAX satti4o0n0 M0o de9l0L .a uren ahp oaltdeosnn gt a te adrersaiSygh ne.
haasB .ESE..f. r oWmo rcesPtoelry teIcnhsntiic(t1 u9t8ae6n) jd i oneDdi igtian1l 89 7
RoberCto uranzR obeCrotu nrzar eceiavB e.dS .aEn.Eda. SDc.i.ne lectrical
enginieneagrn dc omputsecri enceW afshrniogmt oUnn iverasnidat nMy . S.Ei.nE .
automactoinctl rt oheofrryo tmh Aei Fro rcIen stiotfTu etceh nol.oH gewy as
electtoeT adu B etPaia ndS igmXi.a H eh asse rvaesad c onsulotnac notm ptuer
arhcituercetto t hDee fenSsce ience BotahDreed p aarntdm oefDn etf enHseei .s
presetnhtTele yhc nicDaielrc toofrR aytheCoonm'psu tPerro duOcptesr ation.
DaviCd.C ressmaAn c onsulstoiwfnatgr een giniene rtT ahpee sa ndS oild
StaDties Ekng ineeGrrionugDp a,v Cer emsasni csu rrewnotrlikyn ogn t hdee vel­
opmneto fd igaillnt ieatra p(eD Ip:rro)d uHcetd se.vl eoptehdSe C SfIim rwarfeo r
thTeZ 85a ndT Z8t6 apper oduacntds wraess psoinbfloterh TeM SCfPim rwaroef
thTeF 8a5 ndT F86t apper oduDcatvsje.io neDdi giitn1a 9l8 a8f tseerv eyne ars
witDha tGae nerCaolr praotiwohner,e h ed eveloap SeCdSs Iu bsysctoe­nm
trolalnedor p eratsiynsgt deemv idcrei veHrers e.c eiBvS e.dC Sa.n dH S.E.E.
degre(e198s1 f)r oSmt aUtnei verosfNi etwYy o r(kS UNY)a tS tonBryoo k.
3
Bigoraphies
MarkF urtneyM arFku rtnsepye ciailnsi ozfetsw faorrh ei gh-opremrafnpcaer ­
alells ysteHmesh .a sb eeenm ploybeydC raRye searicnt hh Seo fwtarDei vision
sinc1e9b' 2w,h erhee w orked CRoAnY -p2a rlaells oftwaarnedJ etdh dee vel­op
mento fC rayA'ust otasckomipnigl isnygs t.e mHen oiwst hegr oupl eadfeorr
ToolsL,bi rariCeosm,m andasn,dt YISPoPtf warfeor v ariosuyss teimnslc,du ing
thCeRA YT 3Da ndf ollows-yosnt eMmasr.hk o ldaBs S (196i8n) mechaennigcia­l
neerifnrmgo ClarksUonnie vrtsyia,n M .S(.1 97i0n)n uclear eeenrggi finrnom
MITa, ndaP h..(D 198i3n)c ompuetrs cienfcreot m hte: niveorfVs iigrtinyi a.
R.K entK oeningeKre nKto enignerh asb eent heMP P SoftwaPrreo gram
Mangaefro rC raRye seasrichn1 c9e9 2P.r itoort hihsew, a sa s upercompsuptee­r
ciiaslftor A pplCeo mptuerw,h enh�e m odeltehcCelr atoy Applseu 'niquiene tr­
activrea-pghimcass-,sts oraagned,h igh-speed-nertewqourikrienmEgea nritle,sr .
whiel atth .\JeA SA/AmRese searCcehn t,he err epaeteldyu pgradtehdse u percom­
puetrtso t hfeas teasvta billaeA. n otlaebe venwta st hfei rfsite ilnds ltaatlioofn
theCR AYX -MPs yst.eK ment ah Ba.sS( .c uml aud1e9,7 7i)nm ahtematifrcosm
CaloirnfiSat aUtnei evrsiattBy a kersfainedil sadN atniaoMle rSicth o.l ar
DavidK ravitDza viKdr aivtrze ceivae BdS .E.fEr.o m tMhaes shaucsetts
InstiotfTu etceh ngoylU.op onj oinigD nigiitna1 l9 85h,ew orked tohnec ache
conotlr apnrdo cescshoirpf sor t heVA X 6000M odel4s0 0a nd5 00s ystems in
HudsonM,as aschutssea,tn daC lustIenrt ercon(nCIec)ch tii pn. eJ rusalIesmr,a el.
Asa s enihoardr waere nginienet rh See mincdocutoErn gineeGrrionugDp ,a vid
designtehdeda tpaa tchh ifpor t heD EChcpi 2107a1n dD ECchi2p1 07c2h pi sets.
Hei sc urnrtelwyo rkionnga l ow-cmoisctor processor.
RonalDd. L evine BaseidnB erklyee,C afloirnRioanL, e viinsae n i ndependent
cosnultwahnots pecliziaesi n: )-gDr pahicsso ftwaarneds ystemsr.e cHneits
workfo rD iigatli ncluddeevse loptihnGegr aphiBcosoC ta mpi tnenisvter naiing
prograanmd w ritgi sneverteahcln iaclo vervieFwosro .t hecrl nitesh,ec onsluts
ong raphailcgso riftorhh masdr wariem plementaantdoi nos nt andd 3a-rDg raph­
icdse viictnee arcfeRso.n h oldaPs h D..i nm athemataincdAs . la�n.d M A.d egrees
inp hysiaclsfl,r omt heU nievrsiotfCy al fiorniHae.i sfo rmeCrh airmna oft he
DepartmoefMn att hemcasat ndiC omputSecri enactHe u mboldStt aUtnei ver.s ity
SamyojiAt.Na a dkarnSia m:'\J adkarniist hep rogrmaamn agefroC rP Uc ore
logcihci spe tisnt hSee mcionudctoErn ginege GrroiunpS.h ew ast hlee adoefr
theDE Cchi2p1 07d1e velopmpernocjtte P.r itoo rt haSta,ml etdeh d evelonptm e
of tmheem orcyo notlrlcehri ups eidn t hVeA X4 000M odel4s00 5,0 0a,n d6 00
systeSmhsea. l swoo rkeodn m emorcyo ntrloelr/abudsa ptcehirp fsor t hVeA X
4000M ode3l0 0a ndM icroVA3X5 00s ysteSmasm.j oinDeigd itianl1 985a nd
holdaBs acheolfoT erc hnolo(g1y9 8f3r)o mt heI ndian InsTtecihtnulotoeg yo f
anda nM S.( 198f5r)o Rm enssePloaleyrht necciI nstitute.
4
I
Mithcel0l. NorcrosSse inoern gineMeirth c Norcroisscs u rerntlpyr oejct
leadfeorr sae co-ngdeneractoiroleno gcihci spe fto rt heDE Cch2i1p0 6S4i.c ne
joinDiniggit lia n1 986M,i tchha sc ontreidbt uott ildee siogfns eevrlaA S!Casn d
systeimcnsl,du nigt heD ECch2i1p0 7c2h pi sett,h eVA XstationM o4d0e09l00 ,
andD igitafli'rfssau tl ttol-eraVnAXt s ystetmh,Ve A Xft3 000H.e r eceiav Be.d E.
ine lectreincgailn ee(r1i9n8ga5 )n da nM .S.i nc omputeenrg inee(r1i9n8g,7 )
botfhr oMma nhatCtoallne gMei.t chho ldtsw op atenrtesl attoe duf tla-otlearnt
systdeme si.g n
MartiWna lkerM artWianl ekrd iercteadla lpp licatiaocntsi viins tupyp orotf
CraTy3 Dd eveplmoent.He w asc oc-reataonrdf irdsiter ctoorfC rasyP 'arlaell
AppilactisoT nechnoloPgryo gmr.aP restel,nhy ei sG enerMaaln agoefrA PTOSa,
Europeaapnpi lcaticoonmsp ancyr eatbeyd Cray ReseSatrecCrhon m apntudig n
SystePmrsi.t oorj oiinnCgr ayf,ol olwinfgi ftyeeena rosfs cientriefsieca rhceh ,
manaegdM PPd evelopmaetMn ytra isR esearCcohr proatiMoanr.t hians B.aS c.
from CarUlneitvoenr, sO itttyawaan,da P h..fD rotmh Uen viersoiftL yo ndoUn.,K .
Thomas WMe.n ners ThomaWse nnerissa p rinpcahila drwaer engineienr
thSee miocndutcoErn gineeGrrionugHp e.i sth ep rojelceta dreers ponsfiorb le
varuisoh gih-poerrmfancmeo tehrb oarfdorsA lphAaX PP Cs. adIdn ithieoi ns,
inovlvedw itihs suceosn ceirnnhgg ih-pseecd locgk iinn AlApXhPca h pisT.o m's
previwoourski cnludetsh em oduldee siogfnt heVA X 6000M ode6l0 0a ndV AX
4000M ode9l0 ,a sw elals m oduel desiagnnd s igniatnle grsiutpyp oorntE SB
producTotms j.o ined Diin1g 9i8tH5a.elr e ceiavB eS.dE .(Ecu.m l uade1,9 8a5n)d
anM .SE..(E1.9 9f0r)o Nmo rhteastUenrinv er.s ity
I
Foreword
extenAldp hAaX Pt echngoylr oon ewp roducotrs
markeitnsw ayst hat meofesfctit vemleye tt heir
ownb usisnsne eedTsh.e t herep aperfrso mC ray
Reseahr,Rc atyheoann,dK ubotiant hiiss soufet he
DigiatlT echnicajolu rnaalr eg oode xamploefs
utizilniagn de xtendtihneg roafnA glep h:a\ XtPe ch­
noolgyf rotmh redeif ferelnetv eolfis n etgriaotn.
TheC RAYT 3Dm assivpeaalrlyl eplr oces(s\o1rP P)
systeumt iizleAsl phAaX Pt echlnoogayt t hec hip
leevlB.u idlign ont hep erofrmanclee aderosfh ip
theAl pha AXP micorproce,s Csorary Research
focuseodnk eya erais nt hdee velopmoef nlate ad­er
ScotAt.G ordon
shiMpP P sysetm-communiactioann dm emory
Manager
inetrconnepcatc,kg ainga,n dt hep rogmrmaign
StragtiePcr ograms,
modealn dt ools.
SemiconduOcpteorra tions
Startwiintgh D igit'asAl XPvme6 4 module,
Rayhteoand aptiettdo m eetth eex tendeendv iron­
mentaaln dr eilalbtiiyr euqiermentfso rd efense
Earliyn tdheev elopmoeftn hte Alpprhoag ram,a ppilctaioBny.s tartwiintgah n e xisgt miondule
Digistm aaln'aegmenptu ftor warads tratdeigericc­ desigRna,y thewoans a blreo m aitnaisno tfware
tiotnh at lwdso uignifischaanpttelh yea pplicaticoonm ptaibiitwlyi tcho mmerciAallp hAaX Ps ystems,
andr eacohfA lphAaX Pt ehcnol.oignty h em arket.t hupsr oviindagv ercyo ste-ceitfvfwea y doefp loy­
Thatd irectiowna st om akeA lphAaX Pt ehcno­l inga dvancAeldpa hA XPc ompuetr tneocolhgyi n
ogy" oepn.I"nm akintgh et echngoylo openD,i gitala m itlaite)n'v ironment.
sougthotp roviadb er oadaenrdr icher psreotd ­of Lastslty,a rtfirnogmt hes ystem lKeuvbeolt,a
ucttsh atn he compcaonulyd p rovibdye i tsfe l develoapnea dd vanc3eDdi magianngd g raphics
and siodn o igne xtetnhdre a ngoefA lpha tAeXcPh ­ accelerfaortD oigria tlD'sE C3 00A0X Pw orkstation
nologya ndt hec ompetiivteneosfsA lphAaX P systeUmssi.n tgh eba siscy stceamp baitliieosft he
produictnts h ema rkeTth.ir se preseans tiengdii f­ worksitoa,ntK ubost a3'D imgainagn dg rahpics
candte partfurroemt hoep eratbiunsgi nmeosdse l accelereaxttoern tdhser ange thoefA lphAaX P
ofD igilt'sasu ccesVsAfXbu uls inwehseser,t htee ch­ techngoylt ooh gih-eprofrmnacem ediciamla ging,
nologwya sp ropriettoDa igriyt .Aa clcoirndg,tl hye semiisca,n dc omputatsicoineanlacp peli cations­
Alphpar ogrraemq iuerds ignifcihcaanngtte ops r e­ evetno t ehr ealomfv itruarle ialtgya mes.
voiusb usniespsr catice.Os ngoiinnget rcatiwoin th Thed ecistioos nel la ta lll eveolfsi ntegration
customaenrdbs u sniespsa rtnheerlsp sehda paen d meantt haDtig itaSle'msic onudctoOrp erations
calrifyt hesceh angeTsh.er eslutgi innaittiivteo moved frboemig n ac atpiev supploifem ri rco­
maket hAel phAaX Pt echlnoogoyp ecno nsisted porfo cesasnodpr e rhieprsaulp pocrhtpi se xclusively
thrperei macroym ponents: for Digit'assl ystebmusis nestos b einagn o pen
merchasnutpl pi.eC roncruretnl,iy ta lsmoe ant an
1.D igiwtoaull sde llA lphAaX Pt echnolaotag lly
expansoifoD nii gtsaO lE'M buisneastst hem odule
leveolfis n tegiroant-chmiopd,u lsey,s tem.
ands ystelmee vl\.V herteahseb usisnsie nfrastruc­
2.D igtiawlo uldp roviodpee nl icensoifAn lgp ha tuer wasa rleadiynp lacfeor D igiltt aoe xpantdh e
AXPt echlnoogy. boaradn ds ysteOmEsM busniesss,o mec hanges
werer equitroem de ett hen eedosfe xtercnhailp
3.D igitwoaull dw orkc losewliyt hp artnetros
customienwr asy sd fiefrenfrto tmh osees tbalished
extentdh er angoefA lphAaX Pt echnooglya nd
witDhi gtiali'tnse rnasly stegmrso upPsr.ei vou,s ly
produinc ttsh mea rket.
techniscuaplp owrats p rovidienodfr ma,lc lhyip
Thef irksetye lemeinnot p engi tnheAl phAaX P designteors ystedme sig,n wehrilteh ed eevl­
tehcnoglyow ast hed ecistioso ne lthlet echnologoyp mentt oolasn ds upporgt pienriphecrhailp s
ata llle veolfis n etgrtaioWni.t h actcote hsets e ch­ requifrored de siiggnn-int hmei croprocweesrseo r
noloagtym utliep lleveolfis n etgriaotnc,u stomerso ftedne velopuenidq ueblyyt hes ystegmr oup
andb usinpeasrst ncearnfso c uso nt heoiwrn d evel­its.eA llfonwgi ht them arkteign anda ppilcation
opmento ra ppilctaioanr eaosf e xpertainsde supporrets ourrceeqsu irteosd u ppoDrigti tsa l'
6
I
SemiconduOcpteoartri onassa m erchasnutp ipelr, theA lphAaX Ps emicontdourpc artnerwsihtihp
af ull roafhn agred waarneds ofwtared evelopmenMti tsubiEslheic tric Corapnonroanutcieodin n
too.sla nds upporgt pienriphecrhailpn se edetdo Marc1h 993M.it susbhiip alnst ob egisnu pplying
bed evelopesdu potprott h efa miloyf A lphAaX P AlphAaX Pm icroprocebsassoeordsn 0 5.m-icron
microprocefsorse oxrtse rcnuaslt omersf.ou rTthhe technoltootg hyeo p enm arkebytt he eonf1d 9 94.
papeirn t hsi issudee scripbaersot f t hi"sw hole Ina didtoni tloci ensitnhge c hipa nda rcihtec­
produscot"l utdieovne lofporet dh e DEC2c1h0i6p4 tureD,i gitaallsl o.i cenosteehsr e lemenotfts he
microprocessoPrC-cIto hrele o gcihci spe atn da n AlphAaX Pt echnoltoomg eye tth nee edosfo urc us­
evaluabtoiaornkd i Tto.g et,ht ehrce hispe atn dt he tomearnsd p artneirnsc,li ugndD igailtO'SsF /U1N IX
evaluatbiooanr kdi t( whicihn cleusdO SF/o1r operatsiynsgt em.
WindowNsTs oftwatroeo lpsr)o vicdues tomtehres Witha ccesast a lll eveolfsi tnegartioann d
abiitltyod evelAolpp hAaX PP Cs!y stewmist h m­inithrouogphe nl icensDiinggai,lst ougahntd e stab­
mald esiagnnde ngineeerfoifrntg. lsihemdu lptlipea rtnaenrdc ustomreerl ationships
A seconfdun damentealle meinnto pengi tnhe toe xtentdh er angoefA lphAaX Pt echngoyla ond
AlphAaX Pt echnoltoogt yh eb roamda rkeltapce producitnts h em arkte.Fr omp ortabcloem ptuing
wast oo penllcyie nsteh et echlnoogyA. c riictal to sucopmeprutgi,fn roemm beddaepdp ilcatiroon s
reqiuremeonft bocthphi c ustomaenrdsp oteanlt i complestyes tesmo ltuionosv,es re ve-nftiycvoem ­
partnwearsst haAtl phAaX Pm icroprocesbseo rsp aniaersce urrenutsligyAn lphAaX Pt echngoyli on
availafbrolmae s econsdo ucret o( Ie)n seu trheir thepirro udctTsh.i s iosfts hueeD igitTeaclh nical
securoifst uyp palnyd( 2e) xtetnhde raonfcg hei p journparlov iads easm pliofnt gh e evere-nbirnoga d
implementattoib ornoasd tehne m arkestesr ved seotfA lphAaX Pp roduacntdsa ppilcatieonnasb led
byt hAel phAaX Pt echngoylT.oh iisst heb asfiosr through opent ota hctece ecshsn ology.
7
KenKto eninger
R.
MarkF urtney
MartiWna lker
A
SharMeedm oyrM PPf rom
CraRye search
The T3Ds ysteimst hef irmsats sivpealrya lplreolc esfsroormG rayR esearch.
CRAY
Thei mplementaetnitoani tlheedd e siogfns ystesmo jtwahraer,d warlea,n guages,
andt oolss.t udoyf r epresentaaptpilviec atiinofnlsu entcheedsd ee sigTnhse.
A
papefro cusoenst hep rogrammimnogd elt,h ep hysicadlilsyt ribluotgeidc,a lly
sharemde moryi nterconannedct th,e i ntegraotfiD oing itaDlE'Csc hi2p1 064
Alpha microprocienst shoiirsn terconAndedct.i tiotnoaplii cnsc luldaet ency­
AXP
hiding saynndc hronizhaatridowna triei,J raorpieersa,t ing asnyds tteomo,l s.
Today'fsat sesstc itefinican de ngienreincgo m­ MPPtsy pilcyua sleh uneddrst ot hosuandosff ast
puternsa,m esluyp ercompufaltieltrn ost ,w ob asic commercimaiclr oprocewsistothrh sep r ocessors
categorpiaerlsael:lv ectporro csesor(sPP Vs )a nd andm emoripeasi riendo t disitbrutperdo cessing
massivpealrya lplreolc ess(oMrPssP) S.y steimns elemen(tPsE. sT )heM PP memoirneytr connects
bothc atergioedse litveenrts oh underdso fb ililons havtee ndetdob es olwert hatnh eh gih-enPdV P
off loatingo-ppeorianttip oenrss e con(dG FLOPS)m emoryi nterocnnectTsh.eM PPi tnerconnects
buth avmee moriytn erconntehcadttifs f esri gnifih­avne onnuiofrmm emorayc cess,t hiea. cec.e,s s
cantAlfyt.e prr esentai bnrgi eiftn roductoino n spee(dl ateanncdby a ndwidftrho)am p rocestsoo r
PVPst op roviad ceo ntefxort M PPs,t hipsa per istl ocmaelm ortye ndtsob ef atsetrh an atchcee ss
focuseosnt hdee siogfnM PPfsr oCmr yaR esecahr. speedr emotmee moires.
to
PVPsh aved ominatesdu percompudteisnigg n Thep roceisnssgp eeadn dm emorbya ndwidth of
sincteh ceo mmercisaulcc esosft he sup­er eacmh ircoproceasrseso urb sttaaillnyl owetrh an
CRAY·l
computienrt h e 19M7o0dse.r ln' Vls'usc,ah s t he thosoefa v ectporro cesEsvoersn.o t,eh s umo ft he
CRAY C90s ystems frRoems eCar,rca coyhn titnou e speeodfsh udnredosr t housaonfdm sir coproces­
provitdheeh igehsst usteadip nerofrmaen cona sorcsa no fteexnc eetdh aeg gregsapteeeo dfd ozens
widrea ngoefc odeAss.s howinn F igu1rP,eV Puss e ofv ectoprr ocessboyra sno rdero fm agnitude.
dozeonfsp owerfcuuls tovme ctporro cessoonr sa Therefaog roeal,f orM PPd esiigsn raitsheee f fi­
to
hgih-bandwliodwt-hl,a tsehnacrye,d -meimneotrr­y cienocfyh unrdedosfm icroprocewsosrokriisnn g
connecThte.v ectporro cessaorreos n onsei de parlaeltloa p onitw herteh epye rofrmm oreu sfeul
oft hien tercowninethchut n eddrst ot housaonfd s wortkh acna nb ep erofrmedo nt hter aidtniaoPlV Ps.
memorioenst hoet her Tshiedi etn.e rconnheasc t Imprionvgt hem icroproceistnseororcn ncetion
unoifrmm emorayc ceiss.,,et .hlea tenacndyb and­ netwrokw ilblr oadtehnse p ectroufm MaPpPpi lac­
widtahr ue niforfmr oamll p rocesstooar nsyw ord tiotnhsah ta vfea tsetri mes-utitoo-tnsh oalonn P VPs.
ofm emory. A keya rctheictufreaatrlue o ft heCl v\YT 3Ds ys­
MPPsi mplemae mnetm orayr cihtecet tuhraits temi st heu seo fp hysilycl daistridb,l uotgeaillcy
raidcaldliytf erefnrto mt haotf P VPsM.PP sc an sharmeedm or(yd irsitbmed-shmaermeodr yT)h.e
delipveearkp erofrmanaceno rdeorfm agintude memoriys p hysailycl dsitritebdui nt haeta cPhE
fatsetrh aPnV Ps ystebmusto ftesnu stapienro fr­ conitnaasp rocesasnodar l ocdayln aimcr andmo­
mancleo wer PtVhPasAn. m ajocrh allengienM PP accemsesm or(yD ARM)a;c cestseols o cmaelm ory
desigtn oe insa balw ei ed rangoefa ppilcatitoon s arefas tetrh aanc cessteors e motmee moriTehse.
sustpaeirnof rmanlceeev lhsi ghtehra onn PVPs. memoriyss hariendt haatn yp rocescsaonrr e aodr
wriatnewy o rid na nyo ft hree moPtEews i thtot uhe
assistoarnk cneo wledogfte h ree motper ocessors
Thew or<.lke scriotehtli si npw aa.sp pearr tisauplploync <.l or the operatiCnrga Ryse yssetaerpmcr.ho vides
byt hAed vanceRd eseaPrrcohj eAgcetnscy u nderA greement
No., \1DA972-9d2at-e0Jda0 n0u2ar 2y1 1,9 92. as helol fc ircuitryt haperr ooucneds soarl ltohwast
8 V!J/.N o6. 2. \jJring Di1g9i9l-aTilec limcaljournal