Matt Qvortrup Death by a Thousand Cuts Democracy in Times of Upheaval Edited by Matt Qvortrup Volume 1 Matt Qvortrup Death by a Thousand Cuts The Slow Demise of Democracy ISBN 978-3-11-069817-6 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-071332-9 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-071343-5 ISSN 2701-147X e-ISSN 2701-1488 Library of Congress Control Number: 2021933445 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Cover image: © Margarita Otaola, MAGS Studio. www.maaggss.com Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com What has been will be again, what hasbeen done will be done again; there is nothing new under the sun Ecclesiastes 1:9 The word in Chinese is Lingchi. The literal meaning is slicing. But it became known as death by a thousand cuts – a form of torture-cum-execution widely practised under the Liao dynasty (916–1125 CE). But in modern parlance, it has become synonymous with a slow, almost imperceptible demise … Acknowledgements This book waswritten during the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020. But much of the work was done before, and parts of it are based on conversations I have had stretching back over 20 years. Many people commented and provided sugges- tions,somewereprominentandfamous,otherswerefellowscholars,andothers were friends.I amgratefulto Kim Campbell (formerPrime MinisterofCanada), Julia Gillard (Former Prime Minister of Australia), Theresa May (Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom), and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, former President ofLiberiaforusefulbackgroundinformation,andgoingbackfurther,toFormer ofSouthKoreaPresidentKimDae-jungfortakingtimetoanswerquestionsabout dictatorship.IamalsogratefulforinputfromProfessorAvielRoshwald,Profes- sor Arend Lijphart, Professor Margaret Levi, Professor Mike Hardy, Dr Bahar Baser, M. Dane Waters, Van’ea Law, Dr Dahlia Scheindlin, Professor Richard Hodges, Professor Carlos Closa, and countless students over the years. Thisbookisdedicatedtodemocratsstrugglingtosavethebestpoliticalsys- tem in the world! Matt Qvortrup, London 26th February, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110713329-001