DC Power Supplies Power Management and Surge Protection for Power Electronic Systems

414 Pages·2012·19.12 MB·English

by  Nihal Kularatna

Electrical Engineering K
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As we increasingly use electronic devices to direct our daily lives, so grows n
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our dependence on reliable energy sources to power them. Because modern
electronic systems demand steady, efficient, reliable DC voltage sources—often
at a sub-1V level—commercial AC lines, batteries, and other common resources
DC Power Supplies
no longer suffice. New technologies also require intricate techniques to protect
against natural and manmade disasters. Still, despite its importance, practical PD
information on this critical subject remains hard to find. rC
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Using simple, accessible language to balance coverage of theoretical and o
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practical aspects, DC Power Supplies: Power Management and Surge t
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Protection for Power Electronic Systems details the essentials of power
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electronics circuits applicable to low-power systems, including modern portable
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devices. A summary of underlying principles and essential design points, it o
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compares academic research and industry publications and reviews DC power p
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supply fundamentals, including linear and low-dropout regulators. Content op for
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also addresses common switching regulator topologies, exploring resonant wi
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conversion approaches. es
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Coverage includes other important topics such as: lo
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• Digital control and control ICs used in switching regulators o
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• Power management and energy efficiency n
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• Overall power conversion stage and basic protection strategies for c
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higher reliability Sa
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• Battery management and comparison of battery chemistries and
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charge/discharge management tm
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• Surge and transient protection of circuits designed with modern me
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semiconductors based on submicron dimension transistors st

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This specialized design resource explores applicable fundamental elements of n
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power sources, with numerous cited references and discussion of commercial
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components and manufacturers. Regardless of their previous experience level, u
this information will greatly aid designers, researchers, and academics who r Nihal Kularatna
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study, design, and produce the viable new power sources needed to propel
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our modern electronic world.
K10499
ISBN: 978-0-4158-0247-5
90000
9 780415 802475
DC Power Supplies
Power Management
Surge Protection
and
Power
for
Electronic Systems
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DC Power Supplies
Power Management
Surge Protection
and
Power
for
Electronic Systems
Nihal Kularatna
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
K10499.indb 3 16/11/11 7:36 PM
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 2011916
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-415-80248-2 (eBook - PDF)
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This book is dedicated to Sir Arthur C Clarke (the scientist who
predicted satellite communication in the year 1945) and Prof John
Robinson Pierce (who named the transistor) … they inspired me …
With loving thanks to my wife Priyani and daughters
Dulsha and Malsha and their families, who tolerate
my addiction to tech writing and electronics.
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Contents
Preface..........................................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments....................................................................................................................xiii
About.the.Author.......................................................................................................................xv
Contributors.............................................................................................................................xvii
. 1. Review.of.Fundamentals.Related.to.DC.Power.Supply.
Design.and.Linear.Regulators
1.1. Introduction........................................................................................................1-1
1.2. Simple.Unregulated.DC.Power.Supply.and.Estimating.the.Essential.
Component.Values.............................................................................................1-2
1.3. Linear.Regulators................................................................................................1-3
1.4. Low-Dropout.Regulators.................................................................................1-18
. 2. Switching.Power.Supply.Topologies.and.Design.Fundamentals
2.1. Introduction........................................................................................................2-1
2.2. Why.Switch.Modes:.An.Overall.Approach....................................................2-2
2.3. Basic.Switch-Mode.Power.Supply.Topologies................................................2-3
2.4. Applications.and.Industry-Favorite.Configurations..................................2-33
2.5. A.Few.Design.Examples.and.Guidelines......................................................2-39
. 3. Power.Semiconductors
3.1. Introduction........................................................................................................3-1
3.2. Power.Diodes.and.Thyristors............................................................................3-2
3.3. Gate.Turn-Off.Thyristors................................................................................3-18
3.4. Bipolar.Power.Transistors...............................................................................3-20
3.5. Power.MOSFETs...............................................................................................3-28
3.6. Insulated.Gate.Bipolar.Transistor.(IGBT)...................................................3-45
3.7. MOS-Controlled.Thyristor.(MCT)................................................................3-50
. 4. Resonant.Converters.and.Wireless.Power.Supplies
4.1. Introduction........................................................................................................4-1
4.2. Fundamentals.of.Resonant.Converters...........................................................4-1
4.3. Resonant.DC-DC.Converters...........................................................................4-5
4.4. Load.Resonant.Converters.for.Contactless.Power.Supplies......................4-11
vii
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viii Contents
. 5. Control.Loop.Design.of.DC-to-DC.Converters
5.1. Introduction........................................................................................................5-1
5.2. Feedback.Control.and.Frequency.Response...................................................5-1
5.3. Poles,.Zeros,.and.S-Domain..............................................................................5-2
5.4. Stability.Using.Bode.Plots.................................................................................5-3
5.5. Linear.Regulators’.Feedback.and.Loop.Stability...........................................5-4
5.6. Stability...............................................................................................................5-11
5.7. Feedback.Loop.and.Stability.of.Switch-Mode.Power.Supplies..................5-19
5.8. Digital.Control..................................................................................................5-27
5.9. Control.Modes.of.Switch-Mode.Converters................................................5-33
. 6. Power.Management
6.1. Introduction........................................................................................................6-1
6.2. Design.Approaches.and.Specifications...........................................................6-1
6.3. Specifying.DC.Power.Supply.Requirements................................................6-13
6.4. Loading.Considerations..................................................................................6-18
6.5. Powering.High-Power.Processors.and.ASICs..............................................6-20
. 7. Off-the-Line.Switching.Power.Supplies
7.1. Introduction........................................................................................................7-1
7.2. Building.Blocks.of.a.Typical.Off-the-Line.Switching.Power.Supply..........7-1
7.3. Rectifier.Section..................................................................................................7-2
7.4. Popular.Transformer-Isolated.Configurations.for.Off-the-Line.
Power.Supplies.and.Industry.Approaches......................................................7-7
7.5. Magnetic.Components.....................................................................................7-11
7.6. Output.Blocks....................................................................................................7-18
7.7. Efficiency.Improvements.and.Synchronous.Rectification.........................7-21
7.8. EMI.Reduction..................................................................................................7-25
7.9. Power.Supply.Protection.................................................................................7-28
7.10. Age-Related.Aspects.........................................................................................7-35
7.11. Testing.of.Power.Supplies................................................................................7-36
. 8. Rechargeable.Batteries.and.Their.Management
8.1. Introduction........................................................................................................8-1
8.2. Battery.Terminology..........................................................................................8-2
8.3. Battery.Technologies:.An.Overview................................................................8-5
8.4. Lead-Acid.Batteries............................................................................................8-8
8.5. Nickel.Cadmium.(NiCd).Batteries................................................................8-13
8.6. Nickel.Metal.Hydride.Batteries......................................................................8-16
8.7. Lithium-Based.Rechargeable.Batteries.........................................................8-18
8.8. Reusable.Alkaline.Batteries............................................................................8-22
8.9. Zn-Air.Batteries................................................................................................8-24
8.10. Battery.Management........................................................................................8-25
8.11. Battery.Communication.and.Related.Standards.........................................8-47
8.12. Battery.Safety...................................................................................................8-49
8.13. Future.................................................................................................................8-51
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Contents ix
. 9. Protection.of.Systems.from.Surges.and.Transients
9.1. Introduction........................................................................................................9-1
9.2. Types.of.Disturbances.and.Power.Quality.Issues..........................................9-2
9.3. Principles.of.Surge.Protection.Techniques.....................................................9-9
9.4. Surge.Protection.Standards.and.Practices....................................................9-16
9.5. Practical.Design.Considerations....................................................................9-26
Appendix A......................................................................................AppendixA-1
Appendix B......................................................................................AppendixB-1
Index............................................................................................Index-1
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