Dating Torrential Processes on Fans and Cones: Methods and Their Application for Hazard and Risk Assessment PDF
Preview Dating Torrential Processes on Fans and Cones: Methods and Their Application for Hazard and Risk Assessment
Dating Torrential Processes on Fans and Cones ADVANCES IN GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH VOLUME47 Editor-in-Chief MartinBeniston,UniversityofGeneva,Switzerland Editorial Advisory Board B. Allen-Diaz, Department ESPM-Ecosystem Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA,U.S.A. R.S.Bradley,DepartmentofGeosciences,UniversityofMassachusetts,Amherst,MA,U.S.A. W. Cramer, Department of Global Change and Natural Systems, Potsdam Institute for ClimateImpactResearch,Potsdam,Germany. H.F.Diaz,ClimateDiagnosticsCenter,OceanicandAtmosphericResearch,NOAA,Boulder, CO,U.S.A. S. Erkman, Institute for communication and Analysis of Science and Technology–ICAST, Geneva,Switzerland R.GarciaHerrera,FaculateddeFisicas,UniversidadComplutense,Madrid,Spain M.Lal,CenterforAtmosphericSciences,IndianInstituteofTechnology,NewDelhi,India. U. Luterbacher, The Graduate Institute of International Studies, University of Geneva, Geneva,Switzerland. I. Noble, CRC for Greenhouse Accounting and Research School of Biological Science, AustralianNationalUniversity,Canberra,Australia. L.Tessier,InstitutMediterrane´end’EcologieetPale´oe´cologie,Marseille,France. F.Toth,InternationalInstituteforAppliedSystemsAnalysisLaxenburg,Austria. M.M. Verstraete, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Ec Joint Research Centre, Ispra(VA),Italy. Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5588 Michelle Schneuwly-Bollschweiler Markus Stoffel • Florian Rudolf-Miklau Editors Dating Torrential Processes on Fans and Cones Methods and Their Application for Hazard and Risk Assessment 123 Editors MichelleSchneuwly-Bollschweiler MarkusStoffel LaboratoryofDendrogeomorphology LaboratoryofDendrogeomorphology InstituteofGeologicalSciences InstituteofGeologicalSciences UniversityofBerne UniversityofBerne Baltzerstrasse1C3 Baltzerstrasse1C3 Berne Berne Switzerland Switzerland and and ChairforClimateandClimaticImpacts ChairforClimateandClimaticImpacts EnvironmentalSciences EnvironmentalSciences UniversityofGeneva UniversityofGeneva 7,routedeDrizeCarouge-Geneva 7,routedeDrizeCarouge-Geneva Switzerland Switzerland FlorianRudolf-Miklau FederalMinistryforAgriculture ForestryEnvironmentandWater Management DepartmentIV/5–Torrent andAvalancheControl Marxergasse5 Vienna Austria ISSN1574-0919 ISBN978-94-007-4335-9 ISBN978-94-007-4336-6(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-94-007-4336-6 SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergNewYorkLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012941287 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’slocation,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer. PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.Violations areliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Coverimagetitle:Debris-floweventintheHolzerbachtorrenton29June1959 Copyrightline/text:DepartmentofHydraulicEngineering,AutonomousProvinceofBolzano,Italy Coverimagesource:MunicipalityofPredoi–Prettau Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Water-relatedprocesses(floods,debrisfloods,flashfloods,anddebrisflows)form alluvialfansandconesandrepresentmajorgeomorphichazardsinmostmountain areas of the world. The gentle gradients and workable materials of fans and cones render this environment a desirable site for residential developments and transportation corridors. Over the past decades, human pressure has increased in these regions, leading to an aggravation of conflicts between natural hazards and infrastructure needs. However, detailed knowledge on frequency and magnitude of past flood or debris-floweventson alluvialfans and conesstill remainsscarce, althoughitiswidelyacceptedthatsuchknowledgeisofcrucialimportanceforthe assessmentofhazards,mitigationofrisks,andland-useplanning.Modernmethods ofhistoricaldatingofpastdebris-flowandfloodeventssuchasdendrochronology, radiocarbondating,andlichenometrycanprovidevaluableinsightsintopastprocess activityandthereforecomplementhistoricalrecords.Inthefield ofnaturalhazard management, these methods are mostly applied by scientists, but only rarely for planningorengineeringpurposes. It is the aim of this book to fill this gap by providing a detailed overview on methods for the dating of historical events and by fostering the discussion on the impact of past and potential future climatic changes on torrential processes. The book summarizes state-of-the-art knowledge on dating methods with a clear focus on the applicability of these methods in practice. The survey of methods is complementedwithpotentialfieldsofapplicationandcasestudiesandtakesaccount ofthespecificlimitationsofdatingmethodsincaseofexcessivenaturalandhuman interventionsonfansandcones. Thisbookwasrealizedwithin“AdaptAlp”,aprojectfundedbytheAlpineSpace ProgramoftheEuropeanCommission.TheAdaptAlpproject(www.adaptalp.org) contributestoagrowingbodyofscientificresearchontheeffectofclimatechange withintheAlpineregionandonhowoursocietiescanadapttotheincreasingrisk of natural disasters. An important issue tackled by AdaptAlp is the provision of reliable data and design events for the Alpine space under current and possible future conditions. There is a great need for innovative methods enabling better and especially faster modelling, forecast, and thus prevention of impacts in a v vi Preface changing world. The book goes far beyond the scope of this project and aims at thecomprehensivecompilationofalldatingmethodsapplicableonalluvialfansin thequalityofa“state-of-the-art”report. Furthermore, this book was also partly realized within the ACQWA project (www.acqwa.ch)and benefittedfrom supportof the FederalMinistry for Agricul- ture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management of Austria and the Austrian Service for Torrent and Avalanche Control. We gratefully acknowledge DI Maria Patek,M.B.A.forpavingthewayforthisfruitfulcooperation.We wouldalsolike to thankProf. Dr. Martin Beniston, editor-in-chiefof Advancesin GlobalChange Research,forgivingustheopportunitytopublishthisbookinhisSpringerseries. DIAndreasPichleriswarmlyacknowledgedforhishelpfulcommentsonthebook content.To enumerateall personswho contributedto the elaborationof this book wouldexceedthescopeofthisprefaceandwethereforegreatlyacknowledgethem collectively. Thebookisstructuredinfourparts.Afterashortintroduction(chapter“Dating Past Events on Fans and Cones – An Introduction”), the fan and cone formation isdescribed(part“MaterialTransportandFanorConeFormation”).Thecentral part of the book (part “Dating Past Events”) then presents dating methods that canbeappliedtotrackpasthydrogeomorphiceventsonfansandcones.Thebasic principlesofallmethodsaredescribedandtheirapplicationisgivenwithexamples, alsoillustratingadvantagesandlimitationsofthemethods.Inpart“Documentation and Monitoring”, the documentationof current-day events and the monitoringof active channels is presented as current-day events provide a perfect occasion to learnforanyfutureevents.Inpart“ApplicationofEventDatinginPractice”,we illustratetheuseandapplicationofdataonpasteventsfortheassessmentofhazard and risk. The chapter also providesinsights on how to cope with risk induced by eventsonfansandcones.Possibleimpactsofclimatechangeonhydrogeomorphic activity are addressed in chapter “Climate Research and Adaptation Strategies – Examplesfrom the EuropeanAlps”. Finally,chapter “Dating MethodsOverview: Checklist for Practitioners” provides an overview on the dating methods with a checklist for practitioners summarizing the main characteristics, advantages, limitations, and costs of all methods. The book closes then with a short summary andanoutlook(chapter“SummaryandOutlook”). BerneandVienna MichelleSchneuwly-Bollschweiler MarkusStoffel FlorianRudolf-Miklau Contents Dating Past Events on Fans and Cones –AnIntroduction................................................................ 1 MarkusStoffel, MichelleSchneuwly-Bollschweiler, andFlorianRudolf-Miklau PartI MaterialTransportandFanorConeFormation ProcessesofSedimentSupplytoAlluvialFansandDebrisCones.......... 15 AdrianHarvey Susceptibility andTriggersforDebris Flows:Emergence, Loading,ReleaseandEntrainment ............................................ 33 RolandKaitna, MichelleSchneuwly-Bollschweiler, ThomasSausgruber, MarkusMoser, MarkusStoffel, andFlorianRudolf-Miklau SedimentTransportProcesses.................................................. 51 HelmutHabersackandAndreaKreisler Debris-FlowRunoutandDepositionontheFan.............................. 75 DieterRickenmannandChristianScheidl EventsonFansandCones:RecurrenceIntervalandMagnitude .......... 95 MatthiasJakob PartII DatingPastEvents SilentWitnessesforTorrentialProcesses...................................... 111 RolandKaitnaandJohannesHuebl AssessmentofPastTorrentialEventsThroughHistoricalSources......... 131 VincenzoD’Agostino vii viii Contents TheUseofAirborneLaserSwathMappingonFansandCones: AnExamplefromtheColoradoFrontRange................................. 147 DennisM.StaleyandThadA.Wasklewicz Dendrogeomorphology–TrackingPastEventswithTreeRings........... 165 MichelleSchneuwly-BollschweilerandMarkusStoffel Tree-Ring Based Record of Debris-Flow Dynamics and TriggeringRainStormsatRitigraben(SwissAlps)sinceAD1570 ........ 179 MarkusStoffel VegetationAnalysisonCompositeDebrisCones............................. 187 CarloBaroni,RodolfoGentili,andStefanoArmiraglio UsingAgeofColonizingDouglas-FirfortheDatingofYoung GeomorphicSurfaces—ACaseStudy......................................... 203 ThomasC.Pierson Lichenometric Dating of Debris Avalanche Deposits withanExamplefromtheFrenchAlps ....................................... 211 VincentJomelli Lake Sediments as Archives of Recurrence Rates andIntensitiesofPastFloodEvents ........................................... 225 AdrianGilli, FlavioS.Anselmetti, LukasGlur, andStefanieB.Wirth DatingFanDepositswithCosmogenicNuclides.............................. 243 SusanIvy-Ochs, MiriamDu¨hnforth, AlexanderL.Densmore, andVasilyAlfimov RadiocarbonDating:AlluvialFan/DebrisConeEvolutionandHazards.. 265 RichardChiverrellandMatthiasJakob LuminescenceDatingofAlluvialFansandCones............................ 283 AndreasLang Timing the Interface BetweenMass Wasting and Fluvial ProcesseswithOSL.............................................................. 297 FritzSchlunegger,KevinNorton,andDamianSteffen PartIII DocumentationandMonitoring Debris-FlowMonitoringinItaly ............................................... 309 LorenzoMarchiandPiaRosellaTecca DocumentationofTorrentialEvents........................................... 319 HansKienholz,JohannesHu¨bl,andAntonLoipersberger Contents ix Rainfall Thresholds for Possible Occurrence of Shallow LandslidesandDebrisFlowsinItaly .......................................... 327 MariaTeresaBrunetti, FabioLuino, CarmelaVennari, SilviaPeruccacci, MarcellaBiddoccu, DanielaValigi, SilviaLuciani,ChiaraGiorgiaCirio,MauroRossi,GuidoNigrelli, FrancescaArdizzone,MaraDiPalma,andFaustoGuzzetti PartIV ApplicationofEventDatinginPractice HazardAssessment .............................................................. 343 MarkusZimmermann Dealingwith NaturalHazardRisks inSwitzerland– The InfluenceofHazardMappingonRisk-BasedDecisionMaking ............ 355 MichaelBru¨ndl HazardMappingandLand-UsePlanning–ASwissPerspective .......... 367 ThomasEgliandMajaStucki DesignCriteriaforTorrentialBarriers........................................ 375 FlorianRudolf-MiklauandJu¨rgenSuda Forecasting, Early Warning and Event Management: Non-structural Protection Measures for Flash Floods andDebrisFlows................................................................. 391 MarcoBorga Climate Researchand AdaptationStrategies– Examples fromtheEuropeanAlps......................................................... 399 GernotR.Koboltschnig DatingMethodsOverview:ChecklistforPractitioners...................... 411 MichelleSchneuwly-Bollschweiler, MarkusStoffel, andFlorianRudolf-Miklau SummaryandOutlook .......................................................... 419 MichelleSchneuwly-Bollschweiler, MarkusStoffel, andFlorianRudolf-Miklau
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