Databook of Biocides. Biocides Included in Article 95 List PDF
Preview Databook of Biocides. Biocides Included in Article 95 List
Published by ChemTec Publishing 38 Earswick Drive, Toronto, Ontario M1E 1C6, Canada © ChemTec Publishing, 2015 ISBN 978-1-895198-89-8 (bound) ISBN 978-1-927885-04-8 (epub) Cover design: Anita Wypych All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission of copyright owner. No responsibility is assumed by the Author and the Pub- lisher for any injury or/and damage to persons or properties as a matter of products liability, negligence, use, or operation of any methods, product ideas, or instructions published or suggested in this book. Library and Archives of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Wypych, Anna, 1937- Databook of biocides / Anna & George Wypych. Includes bibliographical references and index Issued in print and electronic formats ISBN 978-1-895198-89-8 (bound).--ISBN 978-1-927885-04-8 (epub) 1. Pesticides. 2. Disinfection and disinfectants. 3. Chemical preservatives. I. Wypych, George, author II. Title. III. Title: Biocides. TP248.P47W96 2015 668’.65 C2015-903001-3 C2015-903002-1 Printed in Australia, UK and USA 1 Introduction There is a long history of the product deterioration and the attempts of their preservation, dating back to the ancient Egypt, China, Alexander the Great, Ancient Greeks and Romans.1 Materials such as natron salt, jade, silver, lead, and copper were the fi rst effective biocide materials used in the ancient times.1 More modern history faced a problem of the uncontrolled proliferation of the biocidal products, which affected health and life expec- tancy of population because many products were toxic not only to microorganism but also the very people who were to be protected by them. In the modern times, needs for comprehensive regulations became obvious. This resulted in two very useful legislative products. In Europe, the most recent Regulation No 528/2012 of the European Parliament and the Council2 outlines the important aspects of the use of bio- cidal products and governs principles of introduction of new product to the market. Annex V3 of this regulation contains main groups and product types which belong to biocidal prod- ucts. In the USA active biocidal products can be found using search engine of the National Pesticide Information Retrieval System maintained by Purdue University.4 European Chemicals Agency provides frequently updated Article 95 List (this book contains substances according to March 31, 2015 edition of the list). “As from 1 September 2015, a biocidal product cannot be made available on the EU market unless either the substance supplier or the product supplier is included in the Article 95 list for the product type to which the product belongs.” This book contains data for all substances included in the Article 95 list. The substances are arranged in alphabetical order and classifi ed into types and groups according to the sugges- tions in Annex V. Further information about the data collected and the classifi cation into groups can be found in the next section. References 1. Falkiewicz-Dulik, M; Janda, K; Wypych, G, Handbook of Biodegradation, Biodeterioration, and Biostabilization, 2nd Edition, ChemTec Publishing, Toronto, 2015. 2. Regulation (EU) No. 528/2012 of the European Parliament and the Council of 22 May 2012 with further amendments. 3. Annex V. Biocidal Product-Types and Their Descriptions as Referred to in Article 2(1) 4. http://ppis.ceris.purdue.edu/ Databook of Biocides/Copyrights 2015; ChemTec Publishing 9 2 Information on data fi elds The fi elds used in the databook are listed in the alphabetical order. The information on the data in a particular fi eld includes glossary of the term, the unit of measurement, the typical methods used to measure quantities given in the databook. ACGIH TLV American Conference of Industrial Hygienists, ACGIH, threshold limiting values (TLVs) will be based on risk evaluations using human or animal health effects data, and on an as- sessment of what levels can be feasibly achieved by engineering controls and measured by analytical techniques. The TLVs are given in either mg/m3 or ppm. ACRONYM Abbreviations of biocide names can be found in the standard terminology (ASTM D1600- 14 Standard Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics). ISO standard has a separate section for symbols used for additives (ISO 1043-3:1996 Plastics -- Symbols and abbreviated terms -- Part 3: Additives). ACTIVE AGAINST MICROORGANISMS List of microorganisms which are known to be killed by a particular biocide. ANIMAL TESTING, ACUTE TOXICITY Acute toxicity describes the adverse effects resulting from a single exposure to a substance. Typical methods of measurement include LD50 which is the amount of a solid or liquid material that is required to kill 50% of test animals in one dose. AQUATIC TOXICITY The adverse effects to marine life (aquatic organisms) that result from exposure to a toxic substance. Aquatic toxicity can be expressed as the lethal concentration of a chemical sub- stance in miligrams per liter that caused death to 50% population of aquatic species (LC50) during a time of experiment (usually 24, 48 or 96 hours). AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE The lowest temperature at which a material will ignite and sustain combustion in the ab- sence of a spark or fl ame. The properties of liquid can be tested by standardized methods (ASTM E659-14 Standard Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Liquid Chemicals). The ignition temperature is the temperature in degrees Centigrade at which the substance shows spontaneous combustion when touching hot bodies. BIOCONCENTRATION FACTOR It is the ratio of a substance’s concentration in tissue of an aquatic organism to its concen- tration in the ambient water, in situations where the organism is exposed through the water only and the ratio does not change substantially over time. The BCF is a measure of the extent of chemical sharing between an organism and the surrounding environment. BIODEGRADATION PROBABILITY The probability that an organic substance will biodegrade under aerobic conditions. This fi eld includes the general statements regarding biodegradation probability of biocides. Databook of Biocides/Copyrights 2015; ChemTec Publishing 11 BOILING POINT The boiling point is the temperature in degrees Centigrade at which the substance undergoes transition from the liquid into the gaseous phase under normal pressure. BLUEGILL SUNFISH In order to assess bioaccumulation of substance, a test organism such as Bluegill sunfi sh, Daphnia magna, Fathead minnow, Rainbow trout, or other is selected. The test substance is administered as a suspension directly into the water. A test organism is observed by a specifi ed number of hours. If deleterious effects, due either to toxicity or pathogenicity are observed, sequentially lower doses should be tested. The experiment should establish LC50 value for a particular substance and a test organism (LC50 is a dose required to kill 50 per- cent of the test organisms). CARCINOGENICITY A carcinogenic material is one that is known to cause cancer. The process of forming cancer cells from normal cells or carcinomas is called carcinogenesis. A summary of fi nd- ings included in this fi eld is based on the general principles of material assessment, which includes: a There is limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans. A cause and effect interpretation is credible, but that alternative explanations such as chance, bias, other variables etc. cannot be ruled out. Again, science can never prove a hypothesis, only disprove one. Scientifi c “facts” are established only when a preponderance of the evidence supports a hypothesis and there is 1) no evidence to disprove it and 2) no equally viable alternative hypotheses. b There is suffi cient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals, which indicates there is an increased incidence of malignant and/ or a combination of malignant and benign tumors (1) in multiple species or at multiple tis- sue sites, or (2) by multiple routes of exposure, or (3) to an unusual degree with regard to incidence, site, or type of tumor, or age at onset. c There is less than suffi cient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans or laboratory animals; however, the substance is structurally related to other materials that are either human carcinogens or reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens. d There is convincing relevant information that the material acts through mechanisms that are likely to cause cancer in humans. Carcinogenicity lists are maintained by NTP, IARC, and OSHA. CAS NUMBER A number assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service that uniquely identifi es a chemical substance. CHEMICAL CATEGORY Non-systematic classifi cation of materials based on their main component. COEFFICIENTS OF ANTOINE EQUATION A constant of Antoine equation: log (P) = A − [B / (T + C)], where P is vapor pressure in 10 bars, T is temperature in Kelvin, and A, B, C are constants. The Antoine equation is a simple 3-parameter fi t to experimental vapor pressures measured over a restricted temperature range. Sublimation and vaporization of the same substance have separate sets of Antoine co- effi cients, as do components in mixtures. The Antoine equation is accurate to a few percent for most volatile substances (with vapor pressures over 10 Torr). Databook of Biocides/Copyrights 2015; ChemTec Publishing 12 COEFFICIENTS OF ANTOINE EQUATION TEMPERATURE RANGE The range of temperatures in which a set of constants gives correct values. CONCENTRATIONS USED Concentration in wt% in which biocide is used as suggested by manufacturer. COLOR This fi eld gives a description of color that is typical of commercial product or pure speci- men. COMMON NAME Many biocides have commercial names (see under label – Name). This frequently does not permit to recognize chemical composition of the biocide. Common name helps in recogni- tion of chemical nature of material. COMMON SYNONYM Common synonym has similar application as the Common name. It is used to help in identi- fi cation of chemical nature of the product. COMPOSITION Composition of formulated product is given, usually based on its MSDS. CONTENT Concentration of active product in given in wt% for a single component material. DAPHNIA MAGNA In order to assess bioaccumulation of substance, a test organism such as Bluegill sunfi sh, Daphnia magna, Fathead minnow, Rainbow trout, or other is selected. The test substance is administered as a suspension directly into the water. A test organism is observed by a specifi ed number of hours. If deleterious effects, due either to toxicity or pathogenicity are observed, sequentially lower doses should be tested. The experiment should establish LC50 value for a particular substance and a test organism (LC50 is a dose required to kill 50 per- cent of the test organisms). DENSITY The density of material is its mass per unit volume in kg/l. DENSITY TEMPERATURE It is temperature in Celsius in which density was determined. DOT CLASS Transportation instructions require DOT Hazard Class in which materials are divided into the following classes: 1 – Explosives, 2 – Gases, 3 – Flammable and combustible liquids, 4 – Flammable spontaneously combustible solids, 5 – Oxidizers & organic peroxides, 6 – Poi- sonous & infectious materials, 7 – Radioactive materials, 8 – Corrosives, 9 – Miscellaneous. In addition UN number and packaging group is also given. Databook of Biocides/Copyrights 2015; ChemTec Publishing 13 EC NUMBER Number assigned by the EU commission to a substance (previously EINECS and ELINCS) which is used to identify a compound. EXPLOSION LIMIT, LOWER, LEL The explosion limits are the lower and the upper border concentration in volume percent of a fl ammable gas or vapor mixed with air between which the mixture can be made to explode by heating or by a spark. EXPLOSION LIMIT, UPPER, UEL The explosion limits are the lower and the upper border concentration in volume percent of a fl ammable gas or vapor mixed with air between which the mixture can be made to explode by heating or by a spark. EYE IRRITATION The information included in this fi eld comes from existing human experience, animal obser- vations related to the potential irritation of human eye, and in vitro studies. FATHEAD MINNOW In order to assess bioaccumulation of substance, a test organism such as Bluegill sunfi sh, Daphnia magna, Fathead minnow, Rainbow trout, or other is selected. The test substance is administered as a suspension directly into the water. A test organism is observed by a specifi ed number of hours. If deleterious effects, due either to toxicity or pathogenicity are observed, sequentially lower doses should be tested. The experiment should establish LC50 value for a particular substance and a test organism (LC50 is a dose required to kill 50 per- cent of the test organisms). FIRST AID Emergency treatment administered to an injured or sick person before professional medical care is available as it relates to eye, skin and inhalation. FLASH POINT The fl ash point is the lowest temperature in degrees Centigrade at which so much vapor develops under normal pressure that it results in a fl ammable mixture together with the air over the liquid level. Different methods are used in the test with Cleveland cup being the most suitable method for testing biocides. Cleveland open cup is used to determine fl ash and fi re points of liquids with fl ash point above 79oC and below 400oC, such as biocides (ASTM D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup). Standard gives the methods of determination using manual and automatic Cleveland open cup apparatus. About 70 ml of test liquid is heated fi rst rapidly then slowly on approaching an expected fl ash point. Test fl ame is applied to surface to ignite vapors. Test fl ame is natural or bottled gas fl ame (full description included in the standard). Test fl ame is applied fi rst when the tem- perature is 28oC below expected fl ash point and then in 2oC intervals. The fl ash point is the lowest temperature at which vapors are ignited by the test fl ame. FLASH POINT METHOD The following abbreviations are used to describe the method that was used for the data included in the fi eld “Flash point”: CC – closed cup, CCTC – closed cup tag closed, COC – Cleveland open cup, OC – open cup, PMCC – Pensky-Martens closed cup, TCC – tag closed cup, TOC – tag open cup Databook of Biocides/Copyrights 2015; ChemTec Publishing 14 FREEZING POINT The temperature at which the liquid and solid phases of a substance of specifi ed composi- tion are in equilibrium at atmospheric pressure. HANSEN SOLUBILITY PARAMETERS The total Hildebrand solubility parameter is obtained by addition of the three types of polar interactions: dispersion, polar and hydrogen interactions. Hansen determined the numerical values for the three parameters in the following way: First, the dispersion force is calcu- lated using the homomorph method. The homomorph of a polar molecule is the non-polar molecule most closely resembling it in size and structure. The Hildebrand value for the non- polar homomorph is assigned to the polar molecule as its dispersion component value. This dispersion value is then subtracted from the Hildebrand value and the remainder designated as a value representing the total polar interaction of the molecule. Through trial and error experimentation on numerous biocides and polymers, Hansen separated the polar value into polar and hydrogen bonding component parameters best refl ecting empirical evidence. HEAT OF COMBUSTION It is the quantity of heat liberated per unitary weight when a substance undergoes complete oxidation. It is expressed in MJ per kg. HENRY’S LAW CONSTANT The solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas over the solution. Henry law constant is a proportionality factor of this relationship. HILDEBRAND SOLUBILITY PARAMETER The square root of the cohesive energy density as a numerical value indicating the solvency behavior of a specifi c biocide. HMIS CLASSIFICATION A rating system (HMIS - Hazardous Materials Identifi cation System) has been devised by The National Paint Coatings Association to assist emergency responders. The follow- ing are the simple explanations of numerical symbols. Health: 0 – Like ordinary material, 1 – Slightly hazardous, 2 – Hazardous – use breathing apparatus, 3 – Extremely dangerous – use full protective clothing, 4 – Too dangerous to enter – vapor or liquid. Flammability: 0 – Will not burn, 1 – Must be preheated to burn, 2 – Ignites when moderately heated, 3 – Ignites at normal temperature, 4 - Extremely fl ammable. Reactivity: 0 – Normally stable, 1 – Unstable if heated – use normal precaution, 2 – Violent chemical change possible – use hose from distance, 3 – Strong shock or heat may detonate – use monitors, 4 – May detonate – evacuate area if materials are exposed to fi re. ICAO/IATA CLASS Classifi cation for transport by cargo aircraft. The statements are based on the Dangerous Goods Regulation issued by IATA (International Air Transport Association). The class and the packaging group are stated. No account is taken of special regulations stipulated by individual countries or airlines. IMDG CLASS This fi eld contains the hazard classifi cation for transport by sea. Databook of Biocides/Copyrights 2015; ChemTec Publishing 15 INGESTION Ingestion is the act of taking something (food, medicine, liquid, poison, etc.) into a body through the mouth. Synonyms include “swallowing”, “taking internally”, or “eating”. INHALATION Inhalation is the drawing of air or other substances (fumes, mists, vapor, dust, etc.) into lungs (the respiratory system). Common synonym is “breathing in”. IUPAC NAME International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, IUPAC, standardized names of organic compounds and created a systematic naming system which is given here. LC50 Lethal Concentration 50, LC50, is the concentration of a chemical which kills 50% test animal population. This measure is generally used when test animals are exposed to a test chemical in form of gas or mist. LD50 Lethal Dose 50, LD50, is the dose of a chemical which kills 50% of a sample population. In full reporting, the dose, treatment and observation period should be given. Further, LD50, LC50, ED50 and similar fi gures are strictly only comparable when the age, sex and nutri- tional state of the animals is specifi ed. MANUFACTURER The name of manufacturer is given for commercial biocides or products containing bio- cides. Manufacturers to be included have to be listed by either ECHA (Article 95 list) or PPIS. MIXTURE Information helps to distinguish between materials composed of a single component or mixture of chemical compounds. MOLECULAR FORMULA Molecular formula is given using Hill notation MOLECULAR MASS The sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule. The mass of a molecule of any gas or vapor as compared with the hydrogen atom as a standard. MUTAGENIC PROPERTIES The capacity of a chemical or physical agent to cause permanent alteration of the genetic material within living cells. Tests of chemical substances and physical agents for mutagenic potential include microbial, insect, mammalian cell, and whole animal tests. NAME A proper name is used, which, in the case of commercial product, is a brand name given by manufacturer, and the most commonly used name in the case of generic compounds. Databook of Biocides/Copyrights 2015; ChemTec Publishing 16 NFPA classifi cation A rating system has been devised by the National Fire Protection Association, NFPA, to as- sist emergency responders. The following are the simple explanations of numerical sym- bols. Health: 0 – Like ordinary material, 1 – Slightly hazardous, 2 – Hazardous – use breath- ing apparatus, 3 – Extremely dangerous – use full protective clothing, 4 – Too dangerous to enter – vapor or liquid. Flammability: 0 – Will not burn, 1 – Must be preheated to burn, 2 – Ignites when moderately heated, 3 – Ignites at normal temperature, 4 - Extremely fl am- mable. Reactivity: 0 – Normally stable, 1 – Unstable if heated – use normal precaution, 2 – Violent chemical change possible – use hose from distance, 3 – Strong shock or heat may detonate – use monitors, 4 – May detonate – evacuate area if materials are exposed to fi re. NIOSH REL National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH, recommended exposure limits (RELs) will be based on risk evaluations using human or animal health effects data, and on an assessment of what levels can be feasibly achieved by engineering controls and measured by analytical techniques. The RELs are given in either mg/m3 or ppm. ODOR Any property detected by the olfactory system. In the case of chemical materials and par- ticularly biocides it helps to distinguish different materials and select non-intrusive materi- als for application. OSHA PEL A Permissible Exposure Limit, PEL, is the maximum amount or concentration of a chemical that a worker may be exposed to under the U.S. Occupational Health and Safety Adminis- tration, OSHA, regulations. The PELs are given mg/m3 or ppm. OUTSTANDING PROPERTIES The most important properties, which may help in selection for application. PARTITION COEFFICIENT The organic carbon adsorption coeffi cient, K , is only applicable for individual substances. oc The K can generally be calculated from the octanol/water partition coeffi cient, K . The oc ow following equation can be used: log K = 0.937 (log K ) - 0.006. The log K is determined oc ow ow in a laboratory without the use of organisms. It is a measure of how polar the substance is by determining whether the substance partitions primarily to water or to octanol. Substances that partition primarily to octanol are likely to bioaccumulate in the fat of organisms. pH The pH value is the negative decadic logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions (di- mensionless). pH RANGE OF PERFORMANCE The range of pH is indicated in which particular biocide works. Databook of Biocides/Copyrights 2015; ChemTec Publishing 17
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