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Database System Concepts PDF

1376 Pages·2019·13.16 MB·english
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SEVENTH EDITION Database System Concepts Abraham Silberschatz Henry F. Korth S. Sudarshan silberschatz6e_fm_i-ii.indd Page i 12/3/09 2:51:50 PM user /Users/user/Desktop/Temp Work/00November_2009/24:11:09/VYN/silberschatz DATABASE SYSTEM CONCEPTS S ESVI XE TNHT H E DE IDTIITOI NO N Abraham Silberschatz Yale University Henry F. Korth Lehigh University S. Sudarshan Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay TM DATABASE SYSTEM CONCEPTS, SEVENTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2020 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2011, 2006, and 2002. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LCR 21 20 19 ISBN 978-0-07-802215-9 (bound edition) MHID 0-07-802215-0 (bound edition) ISBN 978-1-260-51504-6 (loose-leaf edition) MHID 1-260-51504-4 (loose-leaf edition) Portfolio Manager: Thomas Scaife Ph.D. Product Developers: Tina Bower & Megan Platt Marketing Manager: Shannon O’Donnell Content Project Managers: Laura Bies & Sandra Schnee Buyer: Susan K. Culbertson Design: Egzon Shaqiri Content Licensing Specialists: Shawntel Schmitt & Lorraine Buczek Cover Image: © Pavel Nesvadba/Shutterstock Compositor: Aptara®, Inc. All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Silberschatz, Abraham, author. | Korth, Henry F., author. | Sudarshan, S., author. Title: Database system concepts/Abraham Silberschatz, Yale University, Henry F. Korth, Lehigh University, S. Sudarshan, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Description: Seventh edition. | New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2018060474 | ISBN 9780078022159 (alk. paper) | ISBN 0078022150 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Database management. Classification: LCC QA76.9.D3 S5637 2020 | DDC 005.74—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018060474 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. mheducation.com/highered Tomeineschatzi,Valerie herparentsandmydearfriends,SteveandMaryAnne andinmemoryofmyparents,JosephandVera AviSilberschatz Tomywife,Joan mychildren,AbigailandJoseph mymother,Frances andinmemoryofmyfather,Henry HankKorth Tomywife,Sita mychildren,MadhurandAdvaith andmymother,Indira S.Sudarshan About the Authors Abraham(Avi)SilberschatzistheSidneyJ.WeinbergProfessorofComputerScience at Yale University. Prior to coming to Yale in 2003, he was the vice president of the Information Sciences Research Center at Bell Labs. He previously held an endowed professorshipattheUniversityofTexasatAustin,wherehetaughtuntil1993.Silber- schatzisafellowoftheACM,afellowoftheIEEE,andamemberoftheConnecticut AcademyofScienceandEngineering.Hereceivedthe2002IEEETaylorL.BoothEd- ucation Award, the 1998 ACM Karl V. Karlstrom Outstanding Educator Award, and the1997ACMSIGMODContributionAward.SilberschatzwasawardedtheBellLab- oratories President’s Award three times, in 1998, 1999 and 2004. His writings have appeared in numerous journals, conferences, workshops, and book chapters. He has obtainedover48patentsandover24grants.HeisanauthorofthetextbookOperating SystemConcepts. Henry F. (Hank) Korth is a Professor of Computer Science and Engineering and co- directoroftheComputerScienceandBusinessprogramatLehighUniversity.Priorto joining Lehigh, he was director of Database Principles Research at Bell Labs, a vice presidentofPanasonicTechnologies,anassociateprofessorattheUniversityofTexas atAustin,andaresearchstaffmemberatIBMResearch.KorthisafellowoftheACM andoftheIEEEandawinnerofthe10-YearAwardattheVLDBConference.Hisnumer- ousresearchpublicationsspanawiderangeofaspectsofdatabasesystems,including transaction management in parallel and distributed systems, real-time systems, query processing, and the influence on these areas from modern computing architectures. Most recently, his research has addressed issues in the application of blockchains in enterprisedatabases. S. Sudarshan is currently the Subrao M. Nilekani Chair Professor at the Indian Insti- tute of Technology, Bombay. He received his Ph.D. at the University of Wisconsin in 1992,andhewasamemberofthetechnicalstaffatBellLabsbeforejoiningIITBom- bay. Sudarshan is a fellow of the ACM. His research spans several areas of database systems, with a focus on query processing and query optimization. His paper on key- wordsearchindatabasespublishedin2002wontheIEEEICDEMostInfluentialPaper Award in 2012, and his work on main-memory databases received the Bell Laborato- riesPresident’sAwardin1999.Hiscurrentresearchareasincludetestingandgrading ofSQLqueries,optimizationofdatabaseapplicationsbyrewritingofimperativecode, and query optimization for parallel databases. He has published over 100 papers and obtained15patents. Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Database-SystemApplications 1 1.7 DatabaseandApplicationArchitecture 21 1.2 PurposeofDatabaseSystems 5 1.8 DatabaseUsersandAdministrators 24 1.3 ViewofData 8 1.9 HistoryofDatabaseSystems 25 1.4 DatabaseLanguages 13 1.10 Summary 29 1.5 DatabaseDesign 17 Exercises 31 1.6 DatabaseEngine 18 FurtherReading 33 PART ONE RELATIONAL LANGUAGES Chapter 2 Introductiontothe RelationalModel 2.1 StructureofRelationalDatabases 37 2.6 TheRelationalAlgebra 48 2.2 DatabaseSchema 41 2.7 Summary 58 2.3 Keys 43 Exercises 60 2.4 SchemaDiagrams 46 FurtherReading 63 2.5 RelationalQueryLanguages 47 Chapter 3 IntroductiontoSQL 3.1 OverviewoftheSQLQueryLanguage 65 3.7 AggregateFunctions 91 3.2 SQLDataDefinition 66 3.8 NestedSubqueries 98 3.3 BasicStructureofSQLQueries 71 3.9 ModificationoftheDatabase 108 3.4 AdditionalBasicOperations 79 3.10 Summary 114 3.5 SetOperations 85 Exercises 115 3.6 NullValues 89 FurtherReading 124 vii viii Contents Chapter4 IntermediateSQL 4.1 JoinExpressions 125 4.6 IndexDefinitioninSQL 164 4.2 Views 137 4.7 Authorization 165 4.3 Transactions 143 4.8 Summary 173 4.4 IntegrityConstraints 145 Exercises 176 4.5 SQLDataTypesandSchemas 153 FurtherReading 180 Chapter5 Advanced SQL 5.1 AccessingSQLfromaProgramming 5.5 AdvancedAggregationFeatures 219 Language 183 5.6 Summary 231 5.2 FunctionsandProcedures 198 Exercises 232 5.3 Triggers 206 FurtherReading 238 5.4 RecursiveQueries 213 PART TWO DATABASE DESIGN Chapter6 DatabaseDesignUsingtheE-RModel 6.1 OverviewoftheDesignProcess 241 6.8 ExtendedE-RFeatures 271 6.2 TheEntity-RelationshipModel 244 6.9 Entity-RelationshipDesignIssues 279 6.3 ComplexAttributes 249 6.10 AlternativeNotationsforModeling 6.4 MappingCardinalities 252 Data 285 6.5 PrimaryKey 256 6.11 OtherAspectsofDatabaseDesign 291 6.6 RemovingRedundantAttributesinEntity 6.12 Summary 292 Sets 261 Exercises 294 6.7 ReducingE-RDiagramstoRelational FurtherReading 300 Schemas 264 Chapter7 RelationalDatabaseDesign 7.1 FeaturesofGoodRelationalDesigns 303 7.7 MoreNormalForms 341 7.2 DecompositionUsingFunctional 7.8 AtomicDomainsandFirstNormal Dependencies 308 Form 342 7.3 NormalForms 313 7.9 Database-DesignProcess 343 7.4 Functional-DependencyTheory 320 7.10 ModelingTemporalData 347 7.5 AlgorithmsforDecompositionUsing 7.11 Summary 351 FunctionalDependencies 330 Exercises 353 7.6 DecompositionUsingMultivalued FurtherReading 360 Dependencies 336 Contents ix PART THREE APPLICATION DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT Chapter 8 ComplexDataTypes 8.1 Semi-structuredData 365 8.5 Summary 394 8.2 ObjectOrientation 376 Exercises 397 8.3 TextualData 382 FurtherReading 401 8.4 SpatialData 387 Chapter 9 ApplicationDevelopment 9.1 ApplicationProgramsandUser 9.7 ApplicationPerformance 434 Interfaces 403 9.8 ApplicationSecurity 437 9.2 WebFundamentals 405 9.9 EncryptionandItsApplications 447 9.3 Servlets 411 9.10 Summary 453 9.4 AlternativeServer-SideFrameworks 416 Exercises 455 9.5 Client-SideCodeandWebServices 421 FurtherReading 462 9.6 ApplicationArchitectures 429 PART FOUR BIG DATA ANALYTICS Chapter 10 Big Data 10.1 Motivation 467 10.5 StreamingData 500 10.2 BigDataStorageSystems 472 10.6 GraphDatabases 508 10.3 TheMapReduceParadigm 483 10.7 Summary 511 10.4 BeyondMapReduce:Algebraic Exercises 513 Operations 494 FurtherReading 516 Chapter 11 DataAnalytics 11.1 OverviewofAnalytics 519 11.5 Summary 550 11.2 DataWarehousing 521 Exercises 552 11.3 OnlineAnalyticalProcessing 527 FurtherReading 555 11.4 DataMining 540

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