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Database Design Using Entity-Relationship Diagrams (Foundations of Database Design) PDF

388 Pages·2022·10.915 MB·English
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Database Design Using Entity-Relationship Diagrams Essential to database design, entity-relationship (ER) diagrams are known for their usefulness in data modeling and mapping out clear database designs. T ey are also well- known for being dif cult to master. With D atabase Design Using Entity-Relationship Diagrams, T ird Edition , database designers, developers, and students preparing to enter the f eld can quickly learn the ins and outs of data modeling through ER diagramming. Building on the success of the bestselling f rst and second editions, this accessible text includes a new chapter on the relational model and functional dependencies. It also includes expanded chapters on Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) diagrams and reverse mapping. It uses cutting-edge case studies and examples to help readers master database development basics and def nes ER and EER diagramming in terms of requirements (end user requests) and specif cations (designer feedback to those requests), facilitating agile database development. T is book • Describes a step-by-step approach for producing an ER diagram and developing a relational database from it • Contains exercises, examples, case studies, bibliographies, and summaries in each chapter • Details the rules for mapping ER diagrams to relational databases • Explains how to reverse engineer a relational database back to an entity- relationship model • Includes grammar for the ER diagrams that can be presented back to the user, facilitating agile database development The updated exercises and chapter summaries provide the real-world understanding needed to develop ER and EER diagrams, map them to relational databases, and test the resulting relational database. Complete with a wealth of additional exercises and examples throughout, this edition should be a basic component of any database course. Its comprehensive nature and easy-to-navigate structure make it a resource that students and professionals will turn to throughout their careers. Database Design Using Entity-Relationship Diagrams T ird Edition Sikha Saha Bagui Richard Walsh Earp T ird Edition published 2023 b y CRC Press 6 000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487–2742 a nd by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN C RC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, L LC © 2023 Sikha Saha Bagui and Richard Walsh Earp F irst edition published by CRC Press 2003 S econd edition published by CRC Press 2011 Reasonable ef orts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. T e authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. E xcept as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereaf er invented, including photocopying, microf lming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. F or permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access w ww. copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978–750–8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] T rademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identif cation and explanation without intent to infringe. ISBN: 978-1-032-01718-1 (hbk) I SBN: 978-1-032-32321-3 (pbk) I SBN: 978-1-003-31445-5 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003314455 T ypeset in Minion b y Apex CoVantage, LLC Dedicated to my father, Santosh Saha; mother, Ranu Saha; husband, Subhash; sons, Sumon and Sudip; brother, Pradeep Saha; and nieces, Priyashi and Piyali. S.S.B. Dedicated to my late wife, Brenda, and my children, Beryl, Rich, Gen, and Mary Jo. And to my wife, Anne, who encouraged me to update this work and meticulously edited every word . R.W.E. Contents Preface ..................................................................................................xix Acknowledgments ............................................................................ xxiii Authors ................................................................................................xxv Introduction ..................................................................................... xxvii Chapter 1 Data, Databases, and the Software Engineering Process ........................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ......................................................................1 1.2 Data .....................................................................................1 1.3 Building a Database ..........................................................2 1.4 What Is the Sof ware Engineering Process? .....................3 1.5 Entity-Relationship Diagrams and the Sof ware Engineering Life Cycle ....................................7 1.5.1 Phase 1: Get the Requirements for the Database .........................................................8 1.5.2 Phase 2: Specify the Database ............................8 1.5.3 Phase 3: Design the Database ............................9 1.6 Chapter Summary ............................................................9 Chapter 1 Exercises ...................................................................10 Bibliography ...............................................................................10 Chapter 2 Data and Data Models ..................................................... 11 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................11 2 .2 Files, Records, and Data Items ......................................11 2.3 Moving From 3 × 5 Cards to Computers ....................14 2.4 Database Models .............................................................19 2.4.1 T e Hierarchical Model ................................... 20 2.4.1.1 T e Hierarchical Model with a Linked List ..............................24 2.4.1.2 Relationship Terminology ................26 2.4.1.3 Drawbacks of the Hierarchical Model ............................27 2.5 T e Network Model ....................................................... 28 vii viii • Contents 2.6 T e Relational Model .....................................................31 2.7 Chapter Summary ..........................................................32 Bibliography ...............................................................................32 Chapter 3 The Relational Model and Functional Dependencies .................................................................... 33 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................33 3 .2 Fundamentals of Relational Database .........................33 3 .3 Relational Database and Sets ........................................36 3.4 Functional Dependency .................................................38 3.5 Non-1NF to 1NF ............................................................ 40 3.6 T e Second Normal Form ............................................ 44 3.6.1 Anomalies .......................................................... 48 3 .6.2 Non-2NF to 2NF ................................................49 3.7 T e T ird Normal Form ................................................52 3.8 T e Equijoin Operation .................................................57 3.9 Some Functional Dependency Rules ...........................59 3.10 T e Boyce–Codd Normal Form ...................................65 3.11 Chapter Summary ......................................................... 68 Chapter 3 Exercises ...................................................................68 Bibliography ...............................................................................69 Chapter 4 The Basic ER Diagram: A Data Modeling Schema ........ 71 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................71 4 .2 What Is a Data Modeling Schema? ..............................71 4 .2.1 What Is an Entity-Relationship Diagram?.............................................................72 4.3 Def ning a Database—Some Def nitions: Entity, Relationship, and Attribute ..............................73 4 .3.1 A Beginning Methodology ...............................74 4 .3.2 ER Design Methodology. ..................................75 4 .4 A First “Entity-Only” ER Diagram: An Entity with Attributes ..............................................76 4 .5 More about Attributes ....................................................79 4.5.1 T e Simple or Atomic Attribute ......................79 4.5.2 T e Composite Attribute ................................. 80 4.5.3 T e Multivalued Attribute. ...............................81 Contents • ix 4.5.4 T e Derived Attribute .......................................82 4.5.5 Keys .....................................................................82 4.6 English Description of the Entity .................................87 4.6.1 T e Method ........................................................87 4.6.1.1 T e Entity ............................................87 4.6.1.2 T e Attributes .....................................87 4.6.1.3 T e Keys ............................................. 88 4.6.2 ER Design Methodology. ................................. 88 4.6.3 Examples ............................................................ 88 4.6.3.1 Figure 4.3 Example ............................89 4.6.3.2 Figure 4.4 Example ........................... 90 4.6.3.3 Figure 4.5a Example ..........................91 4.6.3.4 Figure 4.6 Example ............................91 4.6.3.5 Figure 4.7 Example ............................92 4.7 Mapping the Entity Diagram to a Relational Database ........................................................94 4.8 Chapter Summary ......................................................... 99 Chapter 4 Exercises ...................................................................99 Case Study. ............................................................................... 100 Notes ......................................................................................... 104 Bibliography ............................................................................ 104 Chapter 5 Beyond the First Entity Diagram .................................. 107 5.1 Introduction ..................................................................107 5.2 Examining an Entity: Changing an Attribute to Be an Entity .............................................108 5.3 Def ning a Relationship for Our New Entity ............109 5.3.1 ER Design Methodology. ................................111 5.4 A Preliminary Grammar for ER Diagrams ..............112 5.4.1 T e Relationship ..............................................112 5.5 Def ning a Second Entity .............................................112 5.6 Does a Relationship Exist? ...........................................117 5.7 Attribute or Relationship? ...........................................117 5.7.1 ER Design Methodology. ................................118 5.8 Chapter Summary ........................................................119 Chapter 5 Exercises ................................................................ 119 Case Study. ............................................................................... 120 Bibliography ............................................................................ 128

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