Table Of ContentInformation Fusion and Data Science
Series Editor: Henry Leung
Qilong Xue
Data Analytics for
Drilling Engineering
Theory, Algorithms,
Experiments, Software
Information Fusion and Data Science
SeriesEditor
HenryLeung,UniversityofCalgary,Calgary,AB,Canada
Thisbookseriesprovidesaforumtosystematicallysummarizerecentdevelopments,
discoveries and progress on multi-sensor, multi-source/multi-level data and infor-
mation fusion along with its connection to data-enabled science. Emphasis is also
placed on fundamental theories, algorithms and real-world applications of massive
dataaswellasinformationprocessing,analysis,fusionandknowledgegeneration.
Theaimofthisbookseriesistoprovidethemostup-to-dateresearchresultsand
tutorialmaterialsoncurrenttopicsinthisgrowingfieldaswellastostimulatefurther
research interest by transmitting the knowledge to the next generation of scientists
and engineers in the corresponding fields. The target audiences are graduate stu-
dents,academicscientistsaswellasresearchersinindustryandgovernment,related
to computational sciences and engineering, complex systems and artificial intelli-
gence. Formats suitable for the series are contributed volumes, monographs and
lecturenotes.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/15462
Qilong Xue
Data Analytics for Drilling
Engineering
Theory, Algorithms, Experiments, Software
QilongXue
ChinaUniversityofGeosciences
Beijing,China
ISSN2510-1528 ISSN2510-1536 (electronic)
InformationFusionandDataScience
ISBN978-3-030-34034-6 ISBN978-3-030-34035-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34035-3
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe
materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,
broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation
storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology
nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this
bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor
theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany
errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional
claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
Preface
Digitalizationreshapingtheoilindustryhasbecometheindustryconsensus,anddata
havebecomeatorrentflowingintoeveryareaoftheglobaleconomy.Accordingto
IDC’s estimation, the data increases by 50% annually all the time, and much
informationiscontainedinplentyofdata.Thenewdatarevolutionaryhasemerged,
andbigdataanddataminingtechnologiesarepushingscienceintoaneweraofbig
science. In line with this, this book focuses on drilling. The digital application of
drillingengineeringhasdevelopedtoofastinrecentyears.Idon’twanttodiscussthe
digitaltechnologiespurely,becausetheoilandgasindustryistoovast.Ihopethis
book can open a window and let more people pay attention to some aspects of
drillingapplicationindataanalysisandprocessing.Someoftheresultsinthebook
areourownresearchresults,andwehavepublishedrelatedpapers.Inotherchapters,
wetryourbesttoexplainthedatamodelandtechnicaldifficultiesaccordingtoour
understanding. I am very pleased that Professor Henry has approved this field and
invited me to write this volume. After more than a year of hard work, this book is
finallyavailable.
Thisbookismainlyfordataprocessingandminingindrillingengineeringandis
committed to build a bridge between drilling engineers and signal processing
scientists.Indrillingengineering,alotofsignalprocessingtechnologiesarerequired
to solve practical problems, such as downhole information transmission, spatial
attitude of drillstring, drillstring dynamics, seismic while drilling, and so on. The
currentmainproblemisthatsignalprocessingexpertsdonotunderstandtheactual
project and drilling engineers lack knowledge of signal processing, so there is an
urgent need for a document which summarizes the signal processing issues in
drilling engineering as a mathematical problem understandable to the average
drilling scientist. This book presents the difficulties and challenges in signal
processingencounteredindrillingengineering,suchascontinuouswavedownhole
informationtransmissionanddynamicmeasurementofspatialattitudeatthebottom
rotating drillstring, in which the signal processing algorithm is one of the core
technologies.Inconclusion,thisbookwillshowtheimportanceofsignalprocessing
v
vi Preface
to drilling engineers and open up a new area of application for signal processing
scientists.
So, hopefully, the book will be easily understood. It is intended for IT people,
engineers, managers, business users, data analysts, and everyone involved in the
drilling business who are looking for ways to improve drilling processes by using
data as one of their pillars. Thanks to Dr. Wang Lu from China University of
Geosciences (Beijing) and Associate Professor Wang ZiZhen of China University
of Petroleum (East) for contributing to Chapters 4 and 7, respectively, to my wife
and family for their support, and to my classmates and students for helping me
organizethematerials.Myapologiesifthereareinappropriatenessormistakesfound
inthebook,astheseareinevitable.Ihopethattheinterestedreaderscansendmean
emailiftheyhaveanyquestions.Iwelcomeanyin-depthdiscussionsandexchanges
withanyofthesameoccupation.
Beijing,China QilongXue
September2019
Acknowledgments
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research,
authorship,and/orpublicationofthisarticle:ThisworkwassupportedbytheNatural
ScienceFoundationofChina(51704264)andtheFundamentalResearchFundsfor
theCentralUniversities(2652018096).
Thanks to Associate Professor Wang ZiZhen of China University of Petroleum
(East) for contributing to Chapter 7; Dr. Wang Lu and Dr. Jin Wang from China
University of Geosciences (Beijing) for contributing to Chapters 4 and 5, respec-
tively;toFangtaoLiforcontributingtoChapters6and8;tomywifeandfamilyfor
their support; and to my classmates and students for helping me organize the
materials. In addition, the authors express their appreciation to the Drilling Tech-
nologyResearchInstitute,ShengliPetroleumAdministrationofSinopecCorp.,for
providingdataandmaterials.
vii
Contents
1 ApplicationofDataProcessinginDrillingEngineering:
AReview. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . 1
1.1 Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 AlgorithmsandSoftware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 SignalDetectionandProcessingofDownholeInformation
Transmission. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . 13
2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 CharacteristicsandProcessingMethodsofSinusoidal
PressureWaveSignal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.1 RotaryValveMudPulseGenerator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.2 MechanismofPressureWaveSignalGeneration. . . . . . . 20
2.2.3 TransmissionCharacteristicsofContinuous
PulseSignal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.4 DrillingFluidPulseSignalTransmission
CharacteristicsandNoiseAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2.5 TheEncodingandModulationofthePulse
SignalCarrierData. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.2.6 GroundSignalReceivingandDataProcessing. . . . . . . . . 34
2.3 AcousticSignalTransmissionTechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.3.1 AcousticTransmissionSystemModelofData
whileDrilling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.3.2 TypesandCharacteristicsofAcousticWave
throughPipelineTransmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.3.3 AttenuationCharacteristicsofAcousticPropagation
alongTubingString. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.3.4 NoiseInterferenceCharacteristicsandModel. . . . . . . . . . 44
ix
x Contents
2.4 ElectromagneticTransmissionMode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.4.1 EM-MWDElectromagneticCommunicationChannel. . . . 46
2.4.2 TheTransmissionCharacteristicsofElectromagnetic
WaveinFormation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.4.3 TheTransmissionCharacteristicsofElectromagnetic
WaveinDrillPipe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.4.4 TheAttenuationModelofDownholeElectromagnetic
Signal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.5 RemoteTransmissionSystemoftheIntelliPipeData. . . . . . . . . . 52
2.5.1 PrincipleofSignalInductiveCouplingTransmission. . . . 53
2.5.2 TheCircuitModelofanInductiveCoupler. . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.5.3 TheCircuitModeloftheMagneticInductive
Transmission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.5.4 AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofIntelligent
DrillpipeTransmissionTechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.6 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3 DynamicMeasurementofSpatialAttitudeattheBottom
RotatingDrillstring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.2 ConstructionofMeasurementSystem. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. 64
3.3 StationarySurveying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.4 DynamicSolverofInclinationandAzimuth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.4.1 MagneticBasisMeasurementSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.4.2 GyroBasedMeasurementSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.4.3 QuaternionSolutionMethod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.5 CalibrationModelforInstallationError. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.5.1 MathematicalModel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.5.2 ExperimentalMethods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.5.3 PerformanceResultsafterCalibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.6 DynamicAlgorithmforStick-SlipMotion(DAS). . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.6.1 ExperimentData. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.6.2 FieldDataAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.6.3 UtilizingStick-SlipVibrationtoImprove
MeasurementAccuracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.6.4 SimulationResults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.7 NewKalmanFilterApproach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.7.1 State-SpaceModelforKF-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.7.2 CalculatingtheInclinationandAzimuth. . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.7.3 State-SpaceModelforKF-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.7.4 ExperimentalResults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.8 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
