Dark tourism and pilgrimage

282 Pages·2019·8.641 MB·English

by  Korstanje, Maximiliano, Olsen, Daniel H

172 20.3 172
Dark Tourism
Dark Tourism D
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Edited by Daniel H. Olsen and Maximiliano E. Korstanje

a Edited by Daniel H. Olsen and Maximiliano E. Korstanje
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In recent years, there has been a growth in both the practice and
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research of dark tourism, the phenomenon of visiting sites of tragedy l
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or disaster. Exploring this trend, this book examines dark tourism r
i
through the new lens of pilgrimage, focusing on dark tourism sites as m
pilgrimage destinations, dark tourists as pilgrims, and dark tourism as a
a form of pilgrimage. It considers aspects of both religious and non- g
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religious pilgrimage, covering theories and histories of dark tourism and
pilgrimage, pilgrimage to dark tourism sites, and experience design.
This book:
• Is the first to combine the fields of dark tourism and pilgrimage.
• Includes case studies, such as visitor experience at the Aboriginal
Culture Gallery in Western Australia, visitor motivation and meaning
at Japan’s Aokigahara or ‘suicide forest’ and the complicated
intersections of hip-hop pilgrimage and dark tourism in the Bronx.
• Is written by a multidisciplinary set of contributing authors from
Europe, the Americas, Australasia and Asia to give a globally relevant
view of dark tourism and pilgrimage.
A key resource for researchers and students of heritage, tourism and
pilgrimage, this book will also be of great interest to those studying
anthropology, religious studies and related social science subjects. Olsen
Korstanje
Space for bar code with
CABI RELIGIOUS TOURISM AND PILGRIMAGE SERIES
ISBN included
Dark Tourism and Pilgrimage

Dark Tourism and
Pilgrimage
Edited by
Daniel H. Olsen
and
Maximiliano E. Korstanje
CABI is a trading name of CAB International
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Olsen, Daniel H., 1973- editor. | C.A.B. International.
Title: Dark tourism and pilgrimage / editors, Daniel H. Olsen, Brigham
Young University, Maximiliano E. Korstanje, University of Palermo.
Other titles: CABI series in tourism management research.
Description: Boston, Massachusetts : CABI, [2019] | Series: CABI series in
tourism management research | Includes bibliographical references and
index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019020893 (print) | ISBN 9781789241877 (Hardback : alk.
paper) | ISBN 9781789241884 (ePDF) | ISBN 9781789241891 (ePub)
Subjects: LCSH: Dark tourism. | Heritage tourism. | Tourism--Social
aspects. | Historic sites. | Sacred places. | Pilgrims and pilgrimages.
| Collective memory.
Classification: LCC G156.5.D37 D374 2019 (print) | LCC G156.5.D37 (ebook)
| DDC 338.4/791--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019020893
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019980701
ISBN: 978 1 78924187 7 (hardback)
978 1 78924188 4 (e-pdf)
978 1 78924189 1 (e-pub)
Commissioning Editor: Claire Parfitt
Editorial Assistant: Lauren Davies
Production Editor: Ali Thompson
Typeset by Exeter Premedia Services Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India
Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
Contents
Contributors vii
Preface xiii
Philip R. Stone
Section 1: Theories of Dark Tourism and Pilgrimage
1 Negotiating the Intersections between Dark Tourism and Pilgrimage 1
Maximiliano E. Korstanje and Daniel H. Olsen
Section 2: Pilgrimage to Dark Tourism Sites
2 Is the ‘Dark’ Still Dark? The Evolution of Dark Tourism and Pilgrimage
Destinations 16
Müjde Bideci
3 Interpreting the Sacred in Dark Tourism 25
Nitasha Sharma
4 The Convergence of Dark Tourism and Pilgrimage Tourism: The Case
of Phnom Sampeau, Cambodia 38
Geraldine Anne Tan
5 Pilgrimages to Terror: The Role of Heritage in Dark Sites 48
Maximiliano E. Korstanje and Luke Howie
6 Dark Heritage as a Basis for Dark Tourism Development in Slovenia 57
Lea Kužnik and Boža Grafenauer
7 Im(possible) Dark Tourism in Bulgaria 66
Sonia Mileva
8 From Burial Spaces to Pilgrimage Sites: The Changing Role of
European Cemeteries 75
Lidija Pliberšek, Nuša Basle and Sonja Sibila Lebe
9 The Sublime Darker Heritage Tourism Aspects at St John’s Co-Cathedral
in Valletta, Malta 85
Dane Munro
v
vi Contents
10 Martyrdom and Dark Tourism in Carthage, Illinois 99
Scott C. Esplin and Daniel H. Olsen
11 Lost in the Sea of Trees: Japan’s Aokigahara, Suicide and Dark Tourism 111
Alissa Burger
12 Recreating the Dead: Darkest Tourism and Pilgrimage in Mormon
Handcart Pioneer Trek Re-enactments 119
Julie Hartley-Moore
Section 3: Dark Tourism and Pilgimage Experiences
13 Visiting Post-disaster Ruins: A Journey to Meaningful Experiences 130
Yachen Zhang, Alexandra Coghlan and Kathy Knox
14 Museums as In Populo Dark Tourism Sites: A Case Study of
Visitor Experience 141
Nigel Bond, Angela Carr and Donna Comtesse
15 The Ten-year Anniversary of the Civil Rights Pilgrimage: An Experiential
Exploration into History, Diversity, Equality and Equity 152
Jodi M. Thesing-Ritter, Janna R. Caspersen, Nicholas J. Walkowiak, Jacie L. Jones and
Cecelia R. Lewis
16 ‘Though I Walk through the Valley’: Teaching Richard Wright
through Experiential Learning 168
Jennifer L. Hayes
17 Dark Tourism or Pilgrimage in the Museum? Considering the Case of
Emmett Till’s Casket 176
Matthew Cook
18 Finding Roots: Pop Culture Pilgrimage and the Affective Geographies of
Kunta Kinteh Island 185
Katheryn Wright
19 A Mass Grave and a Massacre: Encounters with Remembrances of
Death at Wounded Knee, South Dakota 197
Danielle Johannesen
20 Borough of the Dead: The Weight of Hip Hop’s History and
Tourism’s Dark Pilgrimage to the Bronx 205
Joseph Donica
21 Dark Visits 216
Stephen Newton
22 Designing Experiences at Holocaust Memorial Sites 224
Peter Ward and Brian Hill
Index 247
Contributors
Nuša Basle is a doctoral student and teaching assistant in the Faculty of Economics and Business,
University of Maribor, Slovenia. Her study and research fields revolved around cultural tourism,
including intercultural relations in a multicultural environment, cross-cultural communication
and gastronomy tourism. Nuša is actively involved in several research projects, one of them
looking at the integration of the two different types of cemeteries in her home city of Maribor
into local (cultural) tourism offerings.
Müjde Bideci has a PhD in pilgrimage tourism area from Akdeniz University. She is involved in
research projects, international conferences, and social and scientific team activities, especially in
the tourism area. Her PhD is on pilgrimage tourism experience and developed a scale to measure
pilgrim’s experiences. Her core research areas are pilgrimage tourism, cultural heritage concepts
by pilgrimage tourism destinations, archaeological sites devoted to pagan pilgrims and dark
pilgrimage places (from ancient times to popular ages). She studies the relationship between
religion and sexuality in ancient pagan ceremonies that contain both pilgrimage rituals and
mortal death customs. She is a member of the Union of Tourist Guiding Associations and also a
licensed tourist guide. Email: [email protected]
Nigel Bond is Team Leader, Cultural Collections, at the University of Auckland. He has worked in the
museum sector for over ten years and has held both museum and academic positions in Australia
and New Zealand. He has published in the fields of museum studies, indigenous and religious
tourism, and museum education. He has a PhD from the University of Queensland (Australia); his
thesis examined contemporary pilgrimage experience and implications for managers of religious
heritage sites. Email: [email protected]
Alissa Burger is Assistant Professor of English, Culver-Stockton College, Canton, Missouri. She
teaches courses in research, writing and literature, including a single-author seminar on Stephen
King. She is the author of Teaching Stephen King: Horror, The Supernatural, and New Approaches to
Literature (Palgrave, 2016) and The Wizard of Oz as American Myth: A Critical Study of Six Versions
of the Story, 1900–2007 (McFarland, 2012) and Editor of the collections Teaching Graphic Novels
in the English Classroom: Pedagogical Possibilities of Multimodal Literacy Engagement (Palgrave,
2017) and The Television World of Pushing Daisies: Critical Essays on the Bryan Fuller Series (2011).
Email: [email protected]
Angela Carr is a Research Fellow, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland.
She has some 20 years’ experience working as an applied research and evaluation professional
in Australia and New Zealand. This has included evaluation of a wide range of government-,
academic- and community-based early intervention, prevention and community development
projects. She is committed to evaluation as a process of social and organizational change and a
proponent of participatory research methods. She holds a PhD in criminology (Bond University).
vii
viii Contributors
Janna R. Caspersen is currently an Oak Ridge Institute Science and Education (ORISE) Visiting
Scientist at the University of Tennessee, Department of Geography. Her research focuses on
the geographies of social media, mixed methods, qualitative geographic information sciences,
tourism, and critical race theory. Her specific interests include critical toponym studies, civil rights
heritage, hip hop music landscapes, machine learning, experiential learning and population
dynamics. Previously, her Master’s research was in locating Sudanese ethnic groups using subject
matter experts and participatory research methods. She has assisted in many research projects,
including locating and mapping MLK Streets for the National Civil Rights Museum, sustainable
tourism analysis in Cuba, suitable habitat modelling in Honduras, and multicultural competence
development through experiential and place-based learning.
Alexandra Coghlan is an Associate Professor in Griffith University’s Department of Tourism, Sport
and Hotel Management. Her research interests are consumer psychology and its links to prosocial
and environmental behaviour and well-being, particularly within active travel and nature-based
tourism.
Donna Comtesse is Senior Project Officer, New Museum Project, Western Australia Museum,
Perth, Australia. Her work focuses on audience research and engagement to understand visitor
experiences to inform museum practices. Prior to working with the WA Museum, she worked for
many years as an applied anthropologist and completed her Master’s in Applied Cultural Analysis
at Lund University, Sweden. She has an interest in emerging qualitative research methods and
applying these to understand visitors in leisure settings such as museums.
Matthew Cook is Assistant Professor of Historic Preservation and Cultural Geography at Eastern
Michigan University. He gained his PhD in 2016 from the University of Tennessee studying
cultural and historical geography. His ongoing research interests focus on geographies of memory,
historical interpretation and race relations in the USA. Email: [email protected]
Joseph Donica is Assistant Professor of English at Bronx Community College of the City University
of New York. He teaches American literature, literary criticism and theory, and writing courses.
He has published articles and reviews on American architecture, 9/11 literature, Edward P. Jones,
Arab-American literature, Netflix and the digital future, the politics of the internet, Hurricane
Katrina memoirs, and disability studies. He is also a contributor to The Sage Encyclopedia of War
as well as the website American Muslims: History, Culture, and Politics. He serves on the executive
board of the Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association and is the Chair of the committee
awarding the John Leo and Dana Heller Award in LGBTQ studies through the Popular Culture
Association. Email: [email protected]
Scott C. Esplin is Professor of Church History and Doctrine at Brigham Young University, where he
serves as the publications director for the Religious Studies Center. His research interests include
educational history, religious tourism, and pilgrimage. He has published numerous articles and
books on Latter-day Saint scripture, schools and historic sites, including the famed Salt Lake
Tabernacle and a book with University of Illinois Press on faith relations in Nauvoo, Illinois.
Email: [email protected]
Boža Grafenauer received her doctoral degree in 2008 from the University of Ljubljana and is
engaged in educational, promotional and consultancy activities in the field of heritage tourism.
Her research and educational work have focused on researching Slovenian culture, lifestyle and
useful projects for the local environment. Her latest research focuses on the heritage of hospitality
in Slovenia.
Julie Hartley-Moore is Assistant Commissioner of Academic and Student Affairs with the Utah
System of Higher Education. She has a PhD in anthropology from Columbia University and has
been a professor of anthropology at Brigham Young University, a Dean at Elgin Community
College and a Campus Director at Utah State University. Email: [email protected]
Jennifer L. Hayes is Assistant Professor of English and Women’s Studies at Tennessee State
University in Nashville. Her research interests include 20th- and 21st-century African-American
literature, black feminist criticism and contemporary drama. In 2016 she was awarded the
CIEE Generation Study Abroad Access Grant to take students to Paris in summer 2017. Email:
[email protected]
Contributors ix
Brian S. Hill is Professor, Department of Experience Design and Management, Brigham Young
University, Utah. His academic career has spanned some 30 years. A major focus of his research
and publications has been rural tourism development. A former departmental Chair and Graduate
Co-ordinator, he teaches ‘Creating a Good Life through Experience Design’ to over 400 students
each year. His current research is focused on understanding and improving tourism experiences.
He has led eight study abroad excursions across the world and includes visits to dark tourism
sites in each expedition. He especially enjoys ‘ghost’ tours and includes them in every city visited.
Luke Howie is Lecturer in Politics and International Relations, School of Social Sciences, and
Deputy Director, Global Terrorism Research Center, Monash University, Australia. He was Visiting
Research Professor in the Institute for the Study of Societal Issues, University of California at
Berkeley. He has published many books on terrorism and its impact on daily life. His recent book
is Crisis and Terror in the Age of Anxiety: 9/11, the Global Financial Crisis and ISIS (with Perri
Campbell; Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).
Danielle Johannesen is Assistant Professor of Composition at the University of Minnesota
Crookston. She is currently Assistant Professor of English at the University of Minnesota. She
is the co-editor of Iconic Sports Venues: Persuasion in Public Spaces (Peter Lang, 2017) and has
published in a variety of journals, including The Nautilus: A Maritime Journal of Literature, History,
and Culture, Western American Literature, South Dakota Review, Brevity, and Midwestern Gothic.
Her interests are in the areas of composition and rhetoric, ecocriticism, place studies and rural
literature. Email: [email protected]
Jacie L. Jones is a Student Researcher at the University of Wisconsin where she majored in
psychology and women’s gender and sexuality. She served as a co-ordinator for the Civil Rights
Pilgrimage 2017/18 and served on a faculty-student research project assessing the long-term
impact of the programme she is currently attending at Case Western Reserve University where
she is working for a Master’s in Social Service Administration. Email: [email protected]
Kathy Knox is a Research Pychologist in Griffith’s Department of Marketing. Her research focus
is on communities and sustainable behaviours with projects including health education and
communication, and food waste.
Maximiliano E. Korstanje is Editor-in-chief of The International Journal of Safety and Security in
Tourism and Editor-in-Chief Emeritus of The International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism
as well as Senior Researcher in the Department of Economics at the University of Palermo.
He is a global affiliate of the Tourism Crisis Management Institute (University of Florida), the
Centre for Ethnicity and Racism Studies (University of Leeds), The Forge (University of Lancaster
and University of Leeds) and the International Society for the Philosopher (Sheffield). He has
published over 30 books on subjects including: Strategic Tools and Methods for Promoting
Hospitality and Tourism Services; Virtual Traumascapes; Exploring the Roots of Dark Tourism;
Research Practices and Innovations in Global Risk and Contingency Management; The Rise of
Thana Capitalism and Tourism; Terrorism, Tourism and the End of Hospitality in the West; The
Mobilities Paradox; Risk and Safety Challenges for Religious Tourism and Events; and Terrorism
in a Global Village. He was nominated to five honorary doctorates for his contribution to the study
of the effects of terrorism in tourism. In 2015, he became Visiting Research Fellow at the School
of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Leeds, and the University of La Habana. In 2017, he
was elected Foreign Faculty Member of AMIT, Mexican Academy in the Study of Tourism.
Lea Kužnik is an assistant professor at the University of Maribor, Faculty of Tourism, Slovenia. She
gained a PhD from the University of Ljubljana in 2007 and has research interests in museology;
children’s museums and interactive learning environments; pedagogical and psychological
theories of learning and play; and developmental theories of children. Her doctoral thesis
‘Interactive learning environments and children’s museums’ presents the first published scientific
research on children’s museums in Slovenia. She currently researches the intersections between
technology, virtual museums and the possibilities for heritage interpretation and learning in
virtual learning environments. Her latest research is focused on dark tourism and dark heritage in
Slovenia in connection with both world wars, post-war killings, witches, castles, and cemeteries.
Email: [email protected]