Danielleilona gen. nov., from the wet tropics, northeastern Queensland (Pulmonata: Charopidae)

10 Pages·1993·3.2 MB·English

by  John Stanisic

DANIELLEILONA GEN.NOV., FROMTHEWETTROPICS, NORTHEASTERN
QUEENSLAND (PULMONATA:CHAROPIDAE)
JOHNSTANISIC
Stanisic, J. 1993 12 24: Danielleilona gen.nov., from the Wet Tropics, northeastern
Queensland (Pulmonata:Charopidae). Memoirs ofthe Queensland Museum 34(1):11-20
Brisbane. ISSN 0079-8835.
Anewgenusofcharopid,Danielleilonagen.nov.,isdescribedfromthesummitsofthehigh
mountains in the Wet Tropics, NEQ. Two species, D. marycolliverae sp.nov. and D.
multicostatasp.nov.,occuringeographicallyproximate,yetisolated,mountainrangessouth
ofCairns.Thedistributionpanemisnovelinrelationtopreviouslydescribedcharopidsfrom
theregion and its biogeographic significance is discussed. The unusual conchological and
anatomical features of the genus are related to other Australian charopids. Pulmonata,
Charopidae, Danielleilona, new genus, D. marycolliverae, D. multicostata, new species,
systematics, biogeography. Wet Tropics.
John Stanisic, Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101,
Australia.
Stanisic (1987) reviewed the status of the SYSTEMATICS
charopid genus Oreokera and briefly referred to
the diversity of the Charopidae in the Wet Family Charopidae
Tropics. Traditionally this family has been re-
garded as having a temperate distribution with Danielleilona gen.nov.
only a few species living in tropical Queensland
(Iredale, 1937; Smith, 1984). Field work by staff Etymology
of the Queensland Museum has revealed a sig- For my eldestdaughter Danielle Ilona
nificantnumberofspeciesinbothsubtropicaland
tropical eastern Queensland (Stanisic, 1990). TYPESPECIES
Danielleilonagen.nov. includestwonew,large Danielleilonamarycolliverae sp.nov.
species of Charopidae from the tops of high
mountains south of Cairns, NEQ. These moun- Diagnosis
tains are renowned for the restricted floral and Shell large, with about 4V2 tightly coiled
faunalelementsneartheirpeaks(Monteith 1980). whorls, the last expanding more rapidly. Apex
The two land snails are similarly restricted and and spire flat to very slightly elevated Apical
add to knowledge of this area. This study ex- whorls with low, rounded, rugosely sculptured
aminestheconchologicalandanatomicalcharac-
spiral cords. Postnuclearsculptureofprominent,
ters of Danielleilona and places them in a very strongly protractively sinuated, moderately
biogeographic context. crowded (multicostata) to widely spaced
The following abbreviations are used; Q- (marycolliverae), broad radial ribs; apices with
Queensland; QM-Queensland Museum, Bris- radial riblets. Microsculpture of fine, crowded
bane; AM- Australian Museum, Sydney; A- radials and spirals crossing in a regular lattice.
anus; DG-prostate; E-epiphallus; EC-epiphal- Umbilicus deep, narrow U to V-shaped, margins
lic caecum; G-ovotestis; GD-hermaphroditic rounded. Sutures stronglychannelled. Lipsimple
duct; GG-albumen gland; GT-talon; H-heart; withaprominentapertural sinus; apertureround-
HG-hindgut; HV-hindvein; I-intestine; K-kid- ly lunate.
ney; KD-ureter; KX-ureteric pore; MC-mantle Genitalia with ovoteslis consisting of two
collar; P-penis; PC-penial caecum; PCP-penial clumpsoffinger-likelobesorientedparalleltothe
caecum pore; PP-penial pilaster;PPM-main plane of coiling. Talon with long, coiled shaft.
penial pilaster; PRM-penial retractor muscle; Epiphallus partially enveloped in the penial
PS-penial sheath; S-spermatheca, SS-sper- sheath, with a short caecum and entering penis
mathecal stalk; UT-uterus; UV-freeoviduct; V- apically. Penis long with a lateral outpocket
vagina; VD-vas deferens; X-carrefour; Y- (marycolliverae) or a long muscular caecum
atrium; Z-digestivegland. (multicostata)', internally with longitudinal
12 MEMOIRS OFTHEQUEENSLANDMUSEUM
pilasters; sheath present. Penial retractor muscle Danielleilona marycolliveraesp.nov.
inserting on epiphallus at junction with penial (Figs. 1-4)
sheath. Free oviduct long. Pallial cavity with
complete sigmurethrous ureter. Kidney with Etymology
largepericardial lobeand rectallobereducedtoa Named forMary Colliverinrecognitionofher
vestige. voluntary contribution to the Queensland
Radula (Fig. 8a-f) with long mesocone on Museum Malacology Section.
tricuspid central and lateral teeth; marginal teeth
almost bicuspid with endocone lengthened and Comparisons
minorectoconal splitting. D. marycolliveraediffers fromD. multicostata
in havingashell withmorewidely spacedradials
and larger umbilicus. Anatomically the short
penial outpocket of D. marycolliverae contrasts
Comparisons with the long, muscular penial caecum of D.
Danielleilona has a number of features which multicostata.
clearly separate it from other genera of
Charopidae occurring in the Wet Tropics. These TypeMaterQiMaMlO
include the large, almost discoidal. flammulated SHuomlomtiytpeT:V Stn, 115586003,m,MtraBienlfloernedsetn (Ke1r7,°1N6E’QS.,
shell, the channelled sutures and apertural sinus
145°5rE), 29 Apr 1983, G.B. Monteith, D. Yeales.
together with penial diverticulum and sheath. Height ofshell3.83mm, diameter6.38nim, DAJ ratio
BOiroeomkpehraaloSptaaniSstiacn,isi1c9,87,199h0a,s ahastroachboiicdonschealvle; 4P.a69r,atHy/pDesr:atNioo0r.t6h0,eawshtorelrsn4Q^u2e.ensland: MtBartle
shell; Setomedea Hedley, 1924, has a depressed Frere,summitcentrepk,ca 1540m,SMVFT(17°23’S,
helicoid shell with periostracal hairs; Hed- I45°48’E) (1 dead adult, QMM016473, 7-8 Nov
leyoconchaPilsbry, 1893,hasawhitish,trochoid 1981); MlBartle Frere,summit north-w'estpk, 1440m
shell; and 'Roblinella" intermedia Odhner, 1917 (I dead adult, AMCl50086,7 Oct 1980,G.B. & S.R.
Aisllvlearcykscmhaalnln,elwlietdhsautmuorensoacnhdraonmaepebrrtuorwanlssihneulsl.. MSoMnVteFiTth()1;liMveladBuletl,lQenMdMenOlKe1r2,63s,u2m5m-i3t1,Oc1t516908m1,,
DsacnuilepltluerieldonapraontdocOornecohkserbautbotthhishasvuepesrpfiircailally paEdeauarlktt,,hwQ1a4tM4cM0hm/O,QlM)S1;M41MV9tF,BT8arN(tIlo7ev'*F2r13e9’r8Se1,,,s1uE4am5rmMti8ht’wnEaot)rcth(hI/-QwlMei)sv;te
similarityisnotreflectedinanatomy,inparticular Mt Bellenden Ker, summit, 1560m, SMVFT (4 live
thedifferenceinpallialstructures.UnlikeDaniel- adults, QMMOl6474, AMCl50087, 17-24Oct 1981,
leilona, Oreokera has an incomplete secondary Earthwatch/QM); MtBellenden Ker,just below sum-
ureter. Oreokera also shows a right angle orien- mit, approx. 1500m, underbarkofrotting logs (6live
tation ofthe ovotestis, a feature common to few adults, QMM014877, 4Jul 1983, J. Stanisic, D. Pot-
east coast charopids (Stanisic, 1990) and in con- ter).
trast to the widespread, parallel condition also 1O5t6h0emr, SMMatVeFrTial(2:dMeatd Bseulblaednudltesn, QKeMr,MOslum1m2i5t1,,
seen in Danielleilona. In addition, the optically 17-24 Oct 1981, Earthwatch/QM); Mt Bartle Frere,
observedsimilarityinapicalspiralcordsisshown summit centre peak, c.l540m, SMVFT (17°23’S,
to have structural inconsistency when viewed 145°48’E) (1 broken dead adult, QMMOl1398, 7-8
with the SEM. In Oreokera the spirals are much Nov 1981, Earthwatch/QM); Ml Bellenden Ker, sum-
higherthan wide and appearas periostracal addi- mit TV Stn. 1560m, SMVFT (17^16'S, 145^51’E)(l
QMMOl
tions tothe protoconch whereas in Danielleilona dead adult, 1893, 17-24 Oct 1981,
they are low, wider than high, elevations of the Earthwatch/QM); Ml Bellenden Ker, summit centre
protoconch surface. peak, litter, (1 dead juvenile, QMMOI6475, 9 Jun
1980,G.B. Monteith): MtBellenden Ker, summitTV
ConchologicallyDanielleilonabears astriking Stn, 1560m, rainforest(17"16’S, 145^5rE)(l broken
resemblance to Roblinella mathinnae (Petterd, dead sub adult, QMMO15806, 1-7 Nov 1981,
1879) and to a lesser extent Robinella curacoae Earthwatch/QM); Mt Bellenden Ker, summitTV Stn,
QMMO
(Brazier, 1871) from Tasmania (Fig. 9a-0. Fea- 1560m,rainforest(1 specimen, 16476,29Apr
tures which these species have in common with 1983,G.B. Monteith, D. Yeates).
Danielleilona include coiling pattern, very
strongly protractively sinuated radial ribs, chan- Diagnosis
nelled sutures, apertural sinus and spiral Shell large (for family), 6.38-7.23mm (mean
protoconch. No softparts are available in collec- 6.64mm) in diameter, with 4V2 tightly coiled
tions to allow rigorous assessment of kinship. whorls; body whorl expanding more rapidly.
DANIELLEILONA, A NEWCHAROPIDGENUS
13
strongly protractively sinuated radial ribs, 45-68
(mean57)onthebodywhorl,withoutperiostracal
blades, with intertices 5-10 times their width.
Ribs/mm2.24-3.39 (mean2.78). Microsculpture
(Fig.2e)offineradial riblets, 15-30betweeneach
pair of major ribs, crossed by fine, similarly
spaced, spiral cords; microsculpturenotreduced
below the periphery and also continuedonto the
sides of the major radials. Umbilicus (Fig. lb)
narrow V-shaped, regularly decoiling, D/U ratio
4.30-4.81 (mean 4.62). Sutures channelled (Figs
la, 2a); whorls rounded above and below the
periphery (Fig. Ic). Colour yellowish-light
brown with prominent, irregular, darkerreddish-
brown flammulations. Aperture roundly lunate.
Lipsimple,retractedattheparieto-palatalmargin
toformadeep,aperturalsinus.Columellaweakly
reflected; parietal callus weak. Based on 4
measured adults (QMMO15803, QMM016473,
AMC QMMO
150086, 16474).
Foot and tail broad, bluntly rounded posterior-
ly. Body colour (in preservative) creamy white
withnoobviousmarkings onfootorneckregion;
irregular black pigmentation on pallial roofand
apical whorls of visceral hump, Ommatophores
black. Mantle collar well developed, without
mantle gland. Pallial region (Fig. 30 about V2
whorl apically; kidney twice as Ihng as broad,
withprominentpericardial lobeandvestigialrec-
tal lobe. Ureter sigmurethrous with complete
secondary ureterand widely diverging arms.
Ovotestis (Fig. 3e) two clumps of finger-like
lobesembeddedin theapical whorlsofthediges-
tive gland and oriented parallel to the plane of
coiling. Talon (Fig. 3c) with long coiled stalk,
embedded in the albumen gland. Prostate-uterus
typical. Vasdeferensathintubeenteringepiphal-
lus apically. Epiphallus, thick, muscular,
reflexed, partially enveloped in penial sheath;
with a small diverticulum at flexure; entering
penis apically through a simple pore; internally,
FIG. 1.Shell ofDanielleilonamarycolliverae sp. nov. ascendingbranch with longitudinal pilasters,des-
Mt Bellenden Ker, NEQ, QMMO15803, holotype. cending branch with small pustules. Penis (Fig.
Scale line=2mm. 3b,d)large,sub-cylindrical,withasub-apicalout-
pocket containing a terminal, pocket-like, fleshy
Apex and spire flat, last whorl descending more pilaster and central, longitudinal pilaster which
rapidly. Height of shell 3.49-3.86mm (mean
continues into the penis proper. Penis interior
3.71mm); H/D ratio 0.53-0.60 (mean 0.56). (Fig. 3b) with main corrugated longitudinal
Protoconch (Fig. la) of whorls, 850 pm in pilaster and many secondary, low, longitudinal
diameter at iVi whorls. Apical sculpture (Fig. thickenings. Free oviduct longer than vagina.
2a-c) of20-25 regularly spaced, nigosely sculp- Vagina short, internally with simple longitudinal
tured, low,broad,spiralcords. Postnuclearsculp- thickenings. Spermalheca typical. Based on four
ture (Fig. 2d-f) ofvery prominent, high, broadly dissected specimens (QMM014877, QMMO-
rounded, rugosely and radially sculptured. 11419, QMM016474).
14 MEMOIRS OFTHEQUEENSLANDMUSEUM
Rangeand Habitat groundunderthebarkofrottinglogssuggesting
Known only from the summits ofMt Bellen- semi-arboreality.
den Ker and Mt Bartle Frere (Fig. 4) in the
Bellenden Ker Ra., in simple microphyll vine- Remarks
fern thickets and forests.Collected above the D. marycolliverae has been collected
QMMO
FIG.2.ShellfeaturesofDanielleilonamarycollheraesp.noy. MtBellendenKer,NEQ, 16476,paratype.
a, protoconch showing channelled suture; b-c, details ofprotoconch sculpture; d, postnuclear sculpture; e-f;
details ofpostnuclearmicrosculptureand majorrib structure. Scale lines as marked.
DANIELLEILONA, ANEWCHAROPID GENUS
15
of shell 3.78mm, diameter 5.71mm, D/U ratio 6.80,
H/Dratio0.66, whorls4^/$-,
Paratypes: North Bell Pk, 20Ian S Cairns, NEQ,
900-1000m (2 dead adults, 1 dead sub-adult,
QMMO15490, 15-16 Sept 1981, G.B. Monteith, D.
Cook).
Diagnosis
Shell large (for family), 5.71-5.96mm (mean
5.88mm) in diameterwith4V4-4V8- (mean4*4-i-)
tightly coiled whorls; body whorl expanding
more rapidly. Apex and spire flat, last whorl
descendingrapidly in front. Heightofshell 3.49-
3.78mm (mean 3.61mm); H/D ratio 0.59-0.66
(mean0.62). Protoconch(Fig. 6a)of P/4 whorls,
850|im in diameter at 1 V2 whorls. Apical sculp-
ture of 18-22 regularly spaced, rugose, spiral
cords. Postnuclear sculpture of prominent.
FIG. 3.Anatomy ofDanielleilona marycolliverae sp.
nov. Mt Bellenden Ker, NEQ, QMM014877,
paratype. a,reproductivesystem;b,penisinterior;c,
details of talon and carrefour region; d, penis; e,
ovotestis;f,pallialcavity. Scalelines= 1mm.
microsympatrically with Oreokera cumulus
(Odhner, 1917) on Mt Bellenden Ker (QMMO-
14877).
Danielleilona multicostata sp.nov.
(Figs. 4-8)
Etymology
FromtheLatin multi many;costa - rib;refer-
ringtotheadultsculptureofcrowded, radial ribs.
Comparisons
D. multicostatabearsanoverallsimilaritytoD.
marycolliverae but is marginally smaller with
narrower umbilicus, and has more crowded ribs
on the body whorl (Figs. 1,5).
Type Material
Holotype: QMM033817, North Bell Pk, Malbon FIG. 4.Distribution of Danielleilona marycolliverae
T1h9-o2m2pNsoovnR1a9.9,0,NEG.QB,8M0on0t-e9i0t0hm,G(.17T°h0o5m’Sp,so1n4.5°H5e3iTg)h.t isnp.tnhoevW.e(tdoTtsr)opaincdsDr.emgiuolnt.icostatasp.nov.(diamond)
.
16 MEMOIRS OFTHEQUEENSLANDMUSEUM
present. Based on 3 measured adults (QMMO-
33817, QMMO15490).
ExternalanimalfeaturessimilartoD. rnarycol-
liverae. Pallial cavity with typical kidney and
complete sigmurethrous ureter. Apical genitalia
not studied. Terminal genitalia (Fig. 7a) similar
to that of D. marycolliverae except for penis
morphology. Penis (Fig. 7b) with long, muscular
caecum; internally with simple, low longitudinal
pilasters.Penialcaecumenteringpenissubapical-
ly about V'i of the way down through a mus-
cularised pore. Penis sheath present.
Radula (Fig. 8a-0 with tricuspid central and
lateralteeth;marginalsmuiticuspidwithenlarged
endocone, ectocone split into minorcusps.
Based on one dissected specimen (QMMO-
33817).
RangeandHabitat
Known only from 4 specimens collected from
thetopofNorthBellPkontheMalbonThompson
Ra.,NEQ(Fig.4),insimplemicrophyllvine-fern
forest. No microhabitat data is available.
FIG. S.Shell of Danielleilona multicostata sp. nov.
North Bell Peak, NEQ, QMM033817, holotype.
Scale in mm.
crowded, strongly protractively sinualed, radial
ribs, 93-108 (mean 101) on the body whorl, with
interstices 5-7 times their width. Ribs/mm 5.18-
5.77 (mean 5.47). Microsculpture of fine radial
riblets, 12-20 between each pair of major ribs,
crossed by fine spiral cords to form a reticulate
pattern; sculpture continuous on base. Micros-
culpture (Fig. 6b) continuous on sides of major
radials. Umbilicus (Fig. 5b) very narrow, U-
shaped, barely decoiling. D/U ratio 5.38-6.80
(mean6.00). Sutureschannelled; whorlsrounded
above and below theperiphery. Colour lightyel-
low-brown with irregular, darker, brown suf-
fusions. Aperture roundly lunate. Lip simple, FIG. 6.Shell sculpture of Danielleilona multicostata
retracted at the parieto-palatal margin to form a sp. nov. North Bell Peak, NEQ, QMMO15490,
conspicuous apertural sinus. Columella slightly paratype. a, apical sculpture; b, postnuclear micros-
reflected over the umbilicus. Parietal callus culpture. Scalelines as marked.
DANIELLEILONA, ANEWCHAROPID GENUS 17
FIG. T.Anatomy ofDanielleilona multicostata sp. nov. North Bell Peak, NEQ, QMM033817, holotype. a,
terminal genitalia;b,penisinterior. Scale lines = Imm.
Remarks thehighaltitudesnecessarytopreservethem,and
Although this species is known from very extinctions undoubtedly occurred on lower
limited material, shell and anatomical characters peaks.
readily separateitfromD. marycolliverae. A key ingredient in the survival of Daniel-
leilona appears to be thepresenceofSMVFFon
the Bellenden Ker and Malbon Thompson Ran-
Discussion ges. However the absence of SMVFT from the
The discovery ofDanielleilona highlights the latter could be the crucial factor in the disparate
unusual nature ofthe mountain top communities distribution ofOreokera Stanisic, 1987, which is
in tropical northeastern Queensland. Previously, sympatric with Danielleilona in the Bellenden
Stanisic (1987, 1990)providedexamples ofland KerRa.,butmissingfromthe MalbonThompson
snails from these environments which displayed Ra, The morphological gap between species of
bothnarrowandwidelydisjunctgenericdistribu- Danielleilona is greater than that recorded for
tions. This is the first example involving the species ofOreokera which may indicate a more
Bellenden Ker and Malbon Thompson Ranges. stringent environmental and climatic selection
Summits of their higher peaks are characterised regimeon North Bell Pk montane communities.
by theoccurrenceofsimplemicrophyll vine-fern Some species of Charopidae, (e.g. Setomedea
forest (SMVFF). This grades into thicket monteithi Stanisic, 1990), are found in the warm
d(hteeaSmndMpKaVeerFmaroTtrR)eaem.oownPuirtdnheetessauphimirnagethbaoeldprydcmitooshmtuermnsiuetbnauciitoitnooislnemosiofniwvtsoohteul,vlBlideanlrhglgaeetvnlhe-ye hffoiuonmtehididltlmosetoshfoeptuhhpeyl1aW1nevditsneTarfnoodpreihscitssg,holbfautnthdesm.loosTwthloaasnredescnaoonnwd-
lowlands in cooler, wetter times. Climatic found in lower areas also would probably have
change, particularly in the Plio-Pleistocene, had depended on montane refugia for survival in the
a dramatic impact on ‘temperate* communities past, but have been able to disperse rapidly in
(Galloway & Kemp, 1981) leading to their recent times (Stanisic, 1990). Significantly,
present-day restriction in the north. Temperate Setomedea has species in central and southern
communities remained only on those peaks with Queensland, indicating wide environmental
18 MEMOIRS OFTHEQUEENSLANDMUSEUM
FIG.S.RadulaofDanielleilonamulticostatasp.nov. NorthBellPeak,NEQ,QMM033817,holotype. a,central
andinnerlateralteeth;b.lateralsandlateromarginals;c,lateromarginalsshowingsquarishbasalplate;d,laterals
and first lateroniarginal showing ectoconal reduction; e-f, lateromarginals and marginals showing ectoconal
reduction andectoconal splitting. Scalelinesas marked.
tolerance. The specialised microhabilat of and anatomical characters which place it outside
Danielleilona(semi-^boreal)probablyreflectsa mainstream ofcharopid evolution in tropical
higher degree of environmental sensitivity than sub,t*ropi•cali eastern Q^ueensl,and., Trrh^e l,arge
for generalist ‘under-the-log’-dwelling species
such as Setomedea. shell withchannelled sutures,apertural sinusand
displays asuiteofconchological very strongly, protractively sinuated radial ribs.
DANIELLEILONA, ANEWCHAROPIDGENUS
19
FIG. 9.a-c,Roblinellamathinnae(Petterd, 1879). Tasmania, AMC103794. a, shell;Ab,MpCroloconch sculpture;c,
postnuclear sculpture, d-f, Roblinella curacoae (Brazier, 1871). Tasmania, 103518. d, shell; e,
protoconch sculpture; f, postnuclearmicrosculpture. Scale lines asmarked.
together with the penial sheath and penial diver- Stanisic (1990), but a Tasmanian connection
ticulum are majordifferentiating features. would span a geographic gap shared by plants
Tht occurrence of a number of very similar {Orites), the Peloridiidae (moss bugs) and the
shell features in Tasmanian taxa (Fig. 9a-0 may stag-beetle genus Lissapterus. These are all
have important biogeographic implications. ‘antarctic' relicts (Monleith, 1980) occurring in
Southernrelationshipshavebeendemonstratedin montanerefugiain subtropical and tropicalareas.
a number of Wet Tropics charopid genera by Stanisic (1990) showed that protoconch sculp-
0
20 MEMOIRSOFTHEQUEENSLANDMUSEUM
ture and adult microsculpture were useful shell LITERATURE CITED
charactersforindicatingrelationships amongthe
A
Ctrhoapriocpaildaaned.substpriorpailclaylUrAautsetrparloitaoncsopnecchieiss.raMroesitn GALLOWAY, R.W. & KEMP, E.M. 1981. Late
have radially ribbed or reticulate protoconchs. Cainozoic environments in Australia. Pp.52-80.
The presence ofspirally Urate protoconchs (Fig. In Keast, A. (ed.), ‘Ecological biogeography in
9b,c) and similarshell microsculpture (Fig. 9c, Australia*. (W. Junk PubI: The Hague, Nether-
in R. tnathinnae and R. curacoae may not be lands).
sufficienttoindicatepossiblerelationships.How- IREDALE,T. 1937. A basic listofthe land Mollusca
ever, combined with the co-occurrence of an ofAustralia.AustralianZoologist8(4):287-333.
apertural sinus, strongly protractively sinuated MONTEITH, G.B. 1980. Relationships ofthe genera
radialribsandchannelledsutures(Fig.9a,d)there ofChinamyersiinae, with description ofa relict
is a tantalising prospect that these taxa are more species from mountains of north Queensland.
closely related than they are to others in the (Hemiptera Heteroptera: Aradidae). Pacific In-
:
family. sects 21(4): 275-285.
SMITH, B.J. 1984. Regional endemism of the south
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
eastern Australian land mollusc fauna. Pp. 178-
188. In Solem, A. & Van Bruggen, A.C. (eds.),
‘World wide snails. Biogeographical studies on
Partofthe material was collectedon fieldwork
non marineMollusca’. (E.J. Brill: Leiden).
sponsored by the Earthwatch organisation. This
csuoplploercttiinsggreaftfeofrutllsy oafckDnorwlGeedogfedf,Maosntaereitthh,e STANItSroIpCic,alJa.nd19s8u7b.trSoptiucdailesAuostnratlhiea.CI.haOrreoopkiedraae:oAf
Queensland Museum and his many co-workers. primitive genus from the high mountains of
North Queensland (Mollusca Pulmonata:
Thanks are due also to Kylie Williams, for the :
excellent SEM illustrations which were Charopidae). Journal of the Malacological
processedby theQueensland Museum’s Photog- Society ofAustralia8: 1-21.
raphy Section; Darryl Potter, who assisted with 1990. Systematics and biogeography of eastern
preparation of illustrations; and Jennifer Australian Charopidae (Mollusca, Pulmonata)
Mahoney and Vedette McGuire, who typed the from subtropical rainforests. Memoirs of the
manuscript. Queensland Museum 30(1): 1-241.