Dangerous Fishes of the Eastern and Southern Arabian Peninsula PDF
Preview Dangerous Fishes of the Eastern and Southern Arabian Peninsula
Laith A. Jawad Dangerous Fishes of the Eastern and Southern Arabian Peninsula Dangerous Fishes of the Eastern and Southern Arabian Peninsula Laith A. Jawad Dangerous Fishes of the Eastern and Southern Arabian Peninsula LaithA.Jawad Manukau,Auckland,NewZealand ISBN978-3-319-57924-5 ISBN978-3-319-57926-9 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-57926-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017942957 #SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway, andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware, orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesare exemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationin thisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland To my wife......Zainab Issa... Iwouldliketothankmydearforstandingbesidemethroughout my life and career and for your unlimited patience. You have been my inspiration and motivation for continuing to improve my knowledge and move my career forward. To my daughters Hend, Nora, and Warda... Yougavememuchjoytolife.Idonotknowwhatthetasteoflife without you is. To my granddaughters Zainab ‘Zuzu,’Leirah ‘Lulu,’and Habibah ‘Hubhub’... Our new addition for bringing the joy to our life and our home ..............................I dedicate this book Preface Twentyyearsago,IcameacrossHalstead’sbook,PoisonousandVenomous MarineAnimalsoftheWorld.Thisincidenttriggeredinsidemyselftheidea of collecting articles about the dangerous fishes in general including the poisonous and venomous fishes. Later, the idea of writing a book about thesefishgroupsflourishedinmymindandIchosetheeasternandsouthern coasts of the Arabian peninsula as the region for the background of these fishes.Tworeasonswerebehindmychoiceoftheregion,theseare:thehigh biodiversityoffishesintheselectedareaandtheunawarenessofthelocalsto the hazards of the different groups of dangerous fishes living in their environment. Dangerous aquatic organisms may be confronted during recreational or fishing activities in coastal environments. Such organisms vary widely and are generally of local or regional importance. The possibility and nature of human exposure often depend significantly on the type of the activity concerned.Becauseofthewidediversityoforganismsthatmaybeencoun- tered, the coverage ofthese fishes inthe present book is limitedtoonlythe commonfishspeciesofwhichlocalsarefullyaware. Ineachdangerousgroup,theinformationgivenisahistoricalbackground aboutthefishgroup,thecausativeagent,symptoms,treatment,andpreven- tion. The account of the species includes identification, world distribution, distributioninthestudyarea,habitatandecologicalrole,biology,economic value, and conservation status. To draw the attention of the readers and to make them aware of the dangers of the species dealt with in this book, a sectionaboutthedistributionofthespeciesinthestudyisincluded.Thanks to the fully informative species account used in the Fishbase, I decided to adoptthisformatinthepresentbook. Two types of risks can be distinguished in relation to dangerous aquatic species: the risk of infectious disease transmitted by specieswithlifecycles linkedtotheaquaticenvironment,andinjuryorintoxication(e.g.,ciguatera, histamine poisoning, etc.) resulting from direct encounters with large animals or venomous species. Apparent risks involving dangerous fishes mayhave important economicconsequencesinareas thatdependtoalarge extentonrecreationaltourismandfisheriesasasourceofincome. Amongtheaimsofthepresentbookistoeducatelocalsaboutthedanger of thisgroup offishesas partofa public education and awareness program that should be initiated in the coastal areas. It is therefore important to vii viii Preface identifyandassessthehazardsposedbyvariousfishesinagivenregionand bring the results to public attention. In addition, at locations where hazards involvingdangerousfisheshavebeenidentified,proceduresshouldbedevel- opedfortreatinganyinjuriessustained. I would like to express my thanks to all the amateur and professional photographers who gave their permission to use their pictures of various dangerousfishspeciesinthewildandinthelaboratory. Manukau,Auckland,NewZealand LaithA.Jawad Acknowledgments Aprojectofthissortislikeasilentcinemawithoutaccesstoalargenumber ofcolouredphotosoffishesbothintheirenvironmentandinthelaboratory. Forthefollowingwhograntedmetheirpermissiontousethefishandother photosfromtheirworks,Iwouldliketoexpressmysincerethanks: Achille, De S., Italy; Al-Mukhtar, M., Iraq; Bajoelmar, Spain; BEDO, Thailand;Bineesh,India;Bonfil,Italy;Borkenhagen,K.,Germany;Brennan, L.,Indonesia;Bucol,A.,Philippine;Bukkems,J.,Holland;CIRO,Australia; Cocks, L., Saudi Arabia; Cook, A., Amsterdam; Cook, D., Australia; De Chabannes, P., France; De Maddalena, A., Italy; Department of Conserva- tion, New Zealand; De Vroe, J. France; Duarte, P. N., Portugal; Jing, L., China; Gloerfelt-Tarp, T., Australia; Goebbels, D., Kenya; Grinsted, G., USA; Hanson, J., London; Hobgood, N., Australia; Honeycutt, K., USA; Justine,J.L.,France;Khan,M.,Pakistan;Khoo,W.L.,Singapore;Khosravi, M., Iran; Krajangdara, T., Thailand; Kretzberg, R., Germany; Krupp, F., Germany; Kumar, S., India; Meyer, T., Australia; Moldzio, S., Marine Biology Workshop; Moorea-Raie, C. and J., Italy; Motomura, H., Japan; Muse´um National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Robert Myers, Seaclicks/Coral Graphics, USA; Nembard, M., Barbados; Noble, B., USA; Nuckchady,E.,France;Osmany,H.,Pakistan;Owfi,F.,Iran;Park,J.,Korea; Patzner, R., Austria; Pillon, R., Italy; Quijano, S. M., Brazil; Ramous, B., Philippine; Ratmuangkhwang, S., Thailand; Reeve, A., USA; Remesan, M. P., India; Rezvani, S., Iran; Robertson; www.stri.org/sfgc, R., Papua New Guinea; Sadighzadeh, Z., Iran; Sandstein, Germany; Saravanan, R., India; SeanMack, Wikipedia; Tanaka, J., Japan; Varghere, M., India; Chih- Wei, Taiwan; Weigmann, S., Germany; Winterbottom, R., Canada; Yip, J., Singapore;Yu,D.,Canada. My thanks are also due the following for their assistance in providing referencesusedinthespeciesaccountsectionofthisbook: Bogorodsky, S., Russia; Burt, J.A., UAE; Feary, D.A., UK; Fricke, R., Germany;Henderson,A.C.,TurksandCaicosIslands;Jabado,R.W.,UAE; Last,P.R.,Australia;Moore,A.,UK;White,W.,Australia. A special thanks for Joacim Na¨slund, G€oteborgs Universitet, G€oteborg, Swedenforeditingthehand-drawnimagesinPhotoshop. Finally, I would like to thank the staff of Springer DE and especially Staphan Klapp and Ulrike Stricker for their distinguished service and valu- ableadviceandsuggestionsabouttheissuesinpublishingthisbook. ix Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Geography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Geology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 Oceanography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.4 Climate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.5 Biodiversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 PartI DangerousFishes 2 BitingandPredatorFishGroup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.1 Chondrichthyes(CartilagenousFishes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.1.1 RelationshipofSharkstoHumans. . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2.2 Osteichthyes(TeleosteanFishes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 2.2.1 Morayeels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 2.3 Wolf-HerringandBarracuda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 2.3.1 BarracudaAttacksandBites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 2.4 Triggerfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 2.4.1 ReportedCasesofTriggerfishBites. . . . . . . . . . . . 105 2.5 Ribbonfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 2.5.1 BiteofRibbonfishandItsMechanism. . . . . . . . . . 109 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 3 HarmfulFishGroup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 3.1 Needlefish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 3.1.1 InjuriesCausedbyNeedlefishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 3.2 Surgeonfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 3.2.1 CutsCausedbySurgeonfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 4 ElectricFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 4.1 ElectricRaysandTheirElectricOrgan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 xi xii Contents PartII PoisonousandVenomousFishes 5 PoisonousFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 5.1 IchthyosarcotoxicFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 5.1.1 ElasmobranchFishPoisoning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 5.1.2 CiguatoxicFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 5.1.3 ClupeotoxicFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 5.1.4 GempylotoxicFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 5.1.5 ScomberotoxicFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 5.1.6 HallucinogenicFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 5.1.7 TetrodotoxicFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 5.2 IchthyootoxicFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 5.2.1 IchthyootoxicFishSpecies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 5.3 IchthyogallotoxicFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 5.3.1 IchthyogallotoxicFishSpecies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 6 IchthyohemotoxicFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 6.1 Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 6.2 CausativeAgent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 6.3 Symptoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 6.4 TreatmentandPrevention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 6.5 IchthyohemotoxicFishSpecies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 7 VenomousFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 7.1 IthyocrinotoxicFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 7.1.1 Catfishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 7.1.2 Boxfishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 7.1.3 SpeciesofEels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 7.1.4 Flatfishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 7.1.5 Pufferfish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 7.1.6 IchthyocrinotoxicFishSpecies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 7.2 Acanthotoxic(Venomous)Fishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 7.2.1 VenomousStingrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 7.2.2 VenomousCatfishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 7.2.3 VenomousScorpaenidFishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 7.2.4 VenomousStonefishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 7.2.5 VenomousToadfishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 7.2.6 VenomousSpadefishesorScats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 7.2.7 VenomousStargazers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 7.2.8 VenomousRabbitFishes. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . 295 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 AbouttheAuthor........................................ 309 CommonNameIndex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 ScientificNameIndex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 GeneralIndex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
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