Damage Prognosis: For Aerospace, Civil and Mechanical Systems

452 Pages·2005·5.94 MB·English

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Damage Prognosis
DamagePrognosis:ForAerospace,CivilandMechanicalSystems.
EditedbyD.J.Inman,C.R.Farrar,V.LopesandV.Steffen
Copyright2005JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.ISBN:0-470-86907-0
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Damage Prognosis
For Aerospace, Civil and
Mechanical Systems
EDITED BY
Daniel J. Inman
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA
Charles R. Farrar
Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA
Vicente Lopes Junior
Universidade Estadual de Sa˜o Paulo, SP, Brazil
Valder Steffen Junior
Federal University of Uberlaˆndia, Brazil
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LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
Damageprognosisforaerospace,civilandmechanicalsystems/editedby
DanielJ.Inman...[etal.].
p. cm.
Includesindex.
ISBN0-470-86907-0
1. Structuralanalysis(Engineering) 2. Materials—Deterioration. I. Inman,D.J.
TA646.D272005
624.1071—dc22
2004026798
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ISBN0-470-86907-0(HB)
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Contents
List of Contributors xi
Preface xviii
1 An Introduction toDamage Prognosis 1
C.R. Farrar, N.A.J.Lievenand M.T. Bement
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Damage-Prognosis Solution Process 4
1.3 Motivation forDamage-Prognosis Solutions 8
1.4 Disciplines Needed toAddress DamagePrognosis 11
1.5 Summary 11
References 12
Part I Damage Models 13
2 An Overview ofModeling Damage Evolution in Materials 15
T.O. Williamsand I.J. Beyerlein
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Overview ofGeneral Modeling Issues 17
2.3 Characterization ofMaterial Behavior: Damage Initiation
and Evolution 23
2.4 Material Modeling: GeneralConsiderationsand Preliminary
Concepts 26
2.5 ClassicalDamage-Modeling Approaches 29
2.6 Phenomenological Constitutive Modeling 35
2.7 Micromechanical Modeling ofMaterials 37
2.8 Summary 55
References 56
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vi CONTENTS
3 In Situ Observation of Damage Evolutionand Fracture Toughness
Measurement by SEM 61
J.E.P. Ipin˜a and A.A. Yawny
3.1 Overview of FractureMechanics Related toDamage Prognosis 61
3.2 In Situ Observation ofDamage Evolution and Fracture Toughness
Measurement 64
3.3 Concluding remarks 73
Acknowledgements 73
References 73
4 Predictive Modeling ofCrack PropagationUsing the Boundary
ElementMethod 75
P. Sollero
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 Damage and Fracture Mechanics Theories 77
4.3 BoundaryElement Fracture Mechanics 81
4.4 Predictive Modeling ofCrack Propagation 84
4.5 Numerical Results 86
4.6 Conclusions 88
Acknowledgments 89
References 89
5 On Friction Induced Nonideal Vibrations:A Source ofFatigue 91
J.M. Balthazar andB.R. Pontes
5.1 PreliminaryRemarks 91
5.2 Nonlinear Dynamics of Ideal andNonideal Stick–Slip Vibrations 97
5.3 Switching Controlfor Ideal and Nonideal
Stick–Slip Vibrations 103
5.4 SomeConcluding Remarks 107
Acknowledgments 108
References 108
6 Incorporating and Updating ofDamping in Finite ElementModeling 111
J.A. Pereira and R.M. Doi
6.1 Introduction 111
6.2 Theoretical Fundamentals 112
6.3 Application 118
6.4 Conclusion 128
References 128
Part II Monitoring Algorithms 131
7 Model-Based InverseProblems inStructural Dynamics 133
V. Steffen Jr andD.A. Rade
7.1 Introduction 133
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CONTENTS vii
7.2 Theory ofDiscrete Vibrating Systems 134
7.3 Response Sensitivity 139
7.4 Finite-ElementModelUpdating 142
7.5 Review ofClassical Optimization Techniques 149
7.6 Heuristic Optimization Methods 151
7.7 Multicriteria Optimization 155
7.8 General Optimization Scheme for Inverse Problems in Engineering 156
7.9 Applications 157
Acknowledgments 173
References 173
8 Structural HealthMonitoring Algorithms for SmartStructures 177
V. LopesJr and S. daSilva
8.1 Initial Considerations about SHM 177
8.2 Optimal Placementof Sensorsand Actuators for Smart Structures 179
8.3 Proposed Methodology 186
8.4 Artificial Neural Network as aSHM Algorithm 188
8.5 GeneticAlgorithms as aSHM Algorithm 194
8.6 Conclusion 197
References 198
9 Uncertainty Quantification andthe Verification andValidation of
ComputationalModels 201
F.M.Hemez
9.1 Introduction 201
9.2 Verification Activities 202
9.3 Validation Activities 207
9.4 Uncertainty Quantification 212
9.5 Assessment ofPrediction Accuracy 214
9.6 Conclusion 217
References 218
10 Reliability Methods 221
A. Robertson and F.M. Hemez
10.1 Introduction 221
10.2 Reliability Assessment 222
10.3 Approximation ofthe Probability of Failure 227
10.4 Decision Making 231
10.5 Summary 233
References 234
11 Lamb-Wave Based Structural HealthMonitoring 235
A. Raghavan and C.E.S. Cesnik
11.1 Introduction 235
11.2 Fundamentalsof ElasticWave Propagation 237
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viii CONTENTS
11.3 Application of Lamb-Wave Formulation to SHM 251
11.4 Epilogue 256
References 257
12 Structural EnergyFlow Techniques 259
J.R.de F. Arruda
12.1 Introduction 259
12.2 Powerand Intensity Concepts 260
12.3 Experimental Power Flow Techniques 263
12.4 Spatial Filtering forFault Detection 267
12.5 Acoustical Measurementsas aTool for Fault Detection 268
12.6 Detecting NonlinearitywithSpecial Excitation Signals 269
12.7 Frequency Limitsof Numerical Modeling Techniques– The
Midfrequency Problem 270
References 272
13 Impedance-Based Structural Health Monitoring 275
G. Parkand D.J. Inman
13.1 Introduction 275
13.2 Electro-Mechanical Principle 276
13.3 Parameters ofthe Technique 277
13.4 Comparisons with Other DamageIdentification Approaches 280
13.5 Proof-of-Concept Applications 282
13.6 Health Assessmentof Pipeline Structures 282
13.7 Analysis of a Quarter Scale BridgeSection 287
13.8 Summary 290
References 291
14 Statistical Pattern RecognitionParadigm Applied toDefectDetection
in Composite Plates 293
H. Sohn
14.1 Introduction 293
14.2 Statistical Pattern Recognition Paradigm 294
14.3 Experimental Results 301
14.4 Summary and Discussion 302
Acknowledgments 302
References 302
Part III Hardware 305
15 Sensing and Data Acquisition Issuesfor Damage Prognosis 307
C.R. Farrar, P.J. Cornwell,N.F. Hunter andN.A.J. Lieven
15.1 Introduction 307
15.2 Sensing and Data Acquisition Strategies forDamage Prognosis 308
15.3 Instrumentation: Conceptual Challenges 310
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CONTENTS ix
15.4 Summary: Sensing and Data Acquisition 320
References 321
16 Design of Active Structural HealthMonitoringSystems for Aircraft
and SpacecraftStructures 323
F.-K.Chang,J.-B. Ihn and E. Blaise
16.1 Introduction 323
16.2 ActiveSensorNetworkfor Structural-HealthMonitoring Systems 325
16.3 DiagnosticSoftware 331
16.4 Validation of theActiveSHM System 336
16.5 Conclusions 339
Acknowledgments 340
References 340
17 Optical-Based Sensing 343
M.D.Todd
17.1 Overview and Scopeof Chapter 343
17.2 BasicOptics Concepts 343
17.3 Primary Fiber Optic Sensing Approaches forStructural
Measurements 346
17.4 Summary 359
Acknowledgements 360
References 360
Part IV Applications 363
18 PrognosisApplications andExamples 365
D.E. Adams
18.1 Introduction 365
18.2 Applications 367
18.3 Conclusions 382
Acknowledgments 382
References 383
19 PrognosisofRotatingMachinery Components 385
M.J. Roemer, G.J.Kacpryznski, R.F. Orsaghand
B.R. Marshall
19.1 Introduction 385
19.2 Bearing Prognosis Framework 386
19.3 Model-Based Analysis for Prognosis 392
19.4 Bearing Prognosis Discussion 401
19.5 Gear Prognosis Framework 402
19.6 Bearing and Gear Prognosis ModuleDiscussion 413
19.7 Utilization of Prognosis Information in Navy ICAS System 414
References 419
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x CONTENTS
20 Application of SimplifiedStatistical Models inHydro Generating
UnitHealthMonitoring 421
G.C. Brito Jr
20.1 Introduction 421
20.2 Influences of theEnvironment andOperating Conditions
in the Behavior ofthe Generating Units 423
20.3 Statistical Models for Structural HealthMonitoring 428
20.4 Concluding Remarks 432
20.5 Terminology 432
References 433
Index 435
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List of Contributors
EDITORS
Daniel J.Inman
Center forIntelligentMaterial Systems
and Structures
310 Durham Hall,Mail Code 0261
VirginiaPolytechnic Institute
Blacksburg, VA 24061
USA
Charles R. Farrar
Los AlamosNationalLaboratory
Engineering Sciences and Applications,ESA-WR
Mail Stop T001
Los Alamos
New Mexico 87545
USA
Vicente Lopes Jr
Av. Brasil,56
15.385-000Ilha Solteira, SP
Brazil
Valder Steffen Jr
Federal Universityof Uberlaˆndia
Schoolof Mechanical Engineering
CampusSantaMonica, Uberlaˆndia
Minas Gerais, 38400-902
Brazil