Table Of Content

DAIRY IN HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE ACROSS THE LIFESPAN This page intentionally left blank DAIRY IN HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE ACROSS THE LIFESPAN Edited by Ronald Ross Watson University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, and School of Medicine, Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States Robert J. Collier William Packer Agricultural Research Complex, Tucson, AZ, United States Victor R. Preedy Department of Dietetics, King’s College, London, United Kingdom Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-809868-4 For Information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Nikki Levy Acquisition Editor: Megan Ball Editorial Project Manager: Billie Jean Fernandez Production Project Manager: Caroline Johnson Designer: Greg Harris Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India Contents List of Contributors ...................................................................................................................................xiii Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................................xv I MILK AND ITS COMPONENTS IN INFANT AND CHILDHOOD NUTRITION FOR IMPROVED HEALTH 1. Health Benefits of Bovine Colostrum in Children and Adults HARPAL S. BUTTAR, SIDDHI M. BAGWE, SUKHWINDER K. BHULLAR AND GINPREET KAUR Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Historical Perspectives Regarding the Purported Indications of Colostrum ...................................................................................................4 Ayurvedic Therapies Reported About Colostrum ...........................................................................................................................................5 Integral Components of Colostrum ..................................................................................................................................................................5 Quantity of Immunoglobulins Present in BC ..................................................................................................................................................6 Quantity of Fat-Soluble Vitamins Present in BC ............................................................................................................................................6 Comparative Amounts of Natural Ingredients Present in Human, Cow, Buffalo, and Goat Milks ..............................................................6 Therapeutic Applications of Colostrum ...........................................................................................................................................................6 Benefits of Tryptophan in Children and Adults ..............................................................................................................................................6 Immunity-Related Disorders and Allergy .......................................................................................................................................................10 Cardiovascular Disorders .................................................................................................................................................................................10 Cerebral Ischemia ...........................................................................................................................................................................................10 Antiinflammatory Effect .................................................................................................................................................................................11 Microbial Infections ........................................................................................................................................................................................11 Suppression of HIV Infection .........................................................................................................................................................................12 Weight Loss and Fitness Programs .................................................................................................................................................................12 Diabetes and Wound Healing .........................................................................................................................................................................13 Leaky Gut Syndrome ......................................................................................................................................................................................13 Bovine Colostrum for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease .........................................................................................................14 Cancer Therapy Applications of Molecules and Compounds Isolated From Bovine Colostrum and Milk ................................................14 Polyamines-Induced Cellular Differentiation and Growth ...........................................................................................................................15 Collection of Bovine Colostrum ....................................................................................................................................................................15 Manufacturing of Colostrum and Its Industrial Application .........................................................................................................................15 Conclusions .....................................................................................................................................................................................................16 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................16 Further Reading ...............................................................................................................................................................................................20 2. Role of MFG-E8 in Neonatal Inflammation MONOWAR AZIZ, LAURA W. HANSEN, JOSE M. PRINCE AND PING WANG Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................21 MFG-E8: A Brief Synopsis .............................................................................................................................................................................22 Role of MFG-E8 in Intestinal Immune Cell Development ..........................................................................................................................23 Neonatal Inflammatory Diseases: Role of MFG-E8 .......................................................................................................................................24 Concluding Remarks .......................................................................................................................................................................................27 Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................................................................................................................28 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................28 Further Reading ...............................................................................................................................................................................................30 v vi CONTENTS 3. Impact of Bovine Milk Whey Proteins and Peptides on Gastrointestinal, Immune, and Other Systems VALDEMIRO C. SGARBIERI Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................31 Milk Whey Proteins and Peptides—General Physicochemical Properties ...................................................................................................33 Bioactivities and Functional Properties: Implications in Health and Diseases ............................................................................................34 Final Considerations and Future Perspective .................................................................................................................................................49 Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................................................................................................50 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................50 4. The Role of Fats in Milk and Dairy Products in Nutrition and Health from Infancy to Adulthood CLAUDIO GALLI AND PATRIZIA RISÉ Milk .................................................................................................................................................................................................................57 Dairy Products .................................................................................................................................................................................................63 Functional Effects of Milk and Its Derivatives ..............................................................................................................................................65 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................70 Further Reading ...............................................................................................................................................................................................72 5. Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Health Promotion Through the Gut Microbiome PAMELA THOMSON AND DANIEL GARRIDO Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................73 Structural Diversity of HMO ..........................................................................................................................................................................74 Infant Gut Microbiome Assembly ..................................................................................................................................................................75 Prebiotic Effect of HMO on the Gut Microbiome ........................................................................................................................................75 Molecular Strategies for HMO Utilization ....................................................................................................................................................76 Other Physiological Effects of HMO ..............................................................................................................................................................80 Prebiotic Role of Other Milk Glycoconjugates .............................................................................................................................................81 Dairy Infant Formula to Replicate the Biological Effect of Breast Milk ......................................................................................................82 Conclusions and Future Directions ................................................................................................................................................................83 Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................................................................................................................83 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................83 6. Dairy Products and Obesity in Children and Adolescents SANDRA ABREU Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................87 Epidemiological Evidence of How Dairy Product Intake Affects Body Weight and Body Fat ....................................................................88 Proposed Mechanisms of Dairy Components on Body Weight and Body Fat Regulation...........................................................................99 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................102 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................102 7. World Milk Production and Socio-Economic Factors Effecting Its Consumption ANA KAPAJ AND EDA DECI World Milk Production, Facts and Numbers ...............................................................................................................................................107 Milk Processing .............................................................................................................................................................................................108 General Information About the Dairy Market ............................................................................................................................................110 Milk Consumption and Factors That Influence It .......................................................................................................................................112 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................114 Further Reading .............................................................................................................................................................................................115 CONTENTS vii 8. The Benefits of Alpha-Lactalbumin in Early Childhood WOLFRAM M. BRÜCK Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................117 The Activity of Bioactive Peptides of Alpha-Lactalbumin Origin .............................................................................................................119 The Nutritional and Physiologic Significance of Alpha-Lactalbumin–Enriched Infant Formula .............................................................120 Potential Roles of Alpha-Lactalbumin in the Infant Gastrointestinal Tract .............................................................................................122 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................................................................123 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................123 9. Foodborne Pathogens in Milk and Dairy Products: Genetic Characterization and Rapid Diagnostic Approach for Food Safety of Public Health Importance IRSHAD M. SULAIMAN AND YING-HSIN HSIEH Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................127 Bacterial Pathogens and the Methods for Detection and Identification ....................................................................................................129 Fungi and Mold Contamination and Detection ..........................................................................................................................................135 Protozoan Parasite Contamination and Their Detection ............................................................................................................................136 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................136 Disclaimer ......................................................................................................................................................................................................137 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................137 10. Using Fortified Milk as a Vehicle for Nutrients: From Infancy to Senescence BAHAREH NIKOOYEH AND TIRANG R. NEYESTANI Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................145 Fortification of Mother’s Milk ......................................................................................................................................................................145 Milk Fortification to Combat Micronutrient Deficiencies ..........................................................................................................................146 Milk Fortification for Health Promotion: Pre- and Probiotics ....................................................................................................................149 Biofortification of Milk .................................................................................................................................................................................150 Concluding Remarks .....................................................................................................................................................................................150 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................151 11. Cow’s Milk Consumption and Child Growth ANDREA S. WILEY Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................155 Studies of Milk Consumption and Growth in Height ................................................................................................................................155 Milk Consumption During Pregnancy and Prenatal Growth .....................................................................................................................156 Infants ............................................................................................................................................................................................................157 Preschool Age Children ................................................................................................................................................................................157 Prepubertal Children (5–11 Years) ...............................................................................................................................................................158 Adolescents (12–18 Years) ...........................................................................................................................................................................159 Age at Menarche ..........................................................................................................................................................................................160 Mechanisms Linking Cow’s Milk Consumption to Child Growth and Maturation ..................................................................................161 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................163 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................163 II MACRO COMPONENTS AND NUTRIENTS IN DAIRY AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE IN YOUNG ADULTS 12. The Relevance of Biogenic Amines in Dairy Products LUANA M. PERIN AND LUÍS A. NERO Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................169 Biogenic Amines ...........................................................................................................................................................................................169 The Role of Milk and Dairy Products in Biogenic Amines Production .....................................................................................................172 viii CONTENTS Impacts of Biogenic Amines in Consumers .................................................................................................................................................176 Control of Biogenic Amines Production in Milk and Dairy Products .......................................................................................................178 Final Remarks ................................................................................................................................................................................................180 Acknowledgments .........................................................................................................................................................................................180 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................180 13. Benefits of Lactobacillus helveticus Fermented Milk in Sports and Health MASAYO IWASA AND WATARU AOI General Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................183 Characteristics of Lactobacillus Fermented Milk ..........................................................................................................................................183 Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage ................................................................................................................................................................185 Impaired Insulin Sensitivity After Muscle-Damaging Exercise ...................................................................................................................186 Fermented Milk and Muscle Damage After Exercise ..................................................................................................................................188 Milk Casein Hydrolysate and Muscle Damage After Exercise ....................................................................................................................190 Perspectives ...................................................................................................................................................................................................191 Acknowledgments .........................................................................................................................................................................................191 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................191 14. Whey Protein and Diabetes LINDA E. WATSON, TONGZHI WU, MICHAEL HOROWITZ AND CHRISTOPHER K. RAYNER Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................197 Nature of Whey Protein ...............................................................................................................................................................................197 Whey and Appetite Regulation....................................................................................................................................................................198 Mechanisms by Which Whey Can Reduce Postprandial Glycemia ...........................................................................................................200 Issues to be Considered for Glycemic Control With Whey Protein ..........................................................................................................204 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................205 Acknowledgments .........................................................................................................................................................................................205 Conflicts of Interest ......................................................................................................................................................................................206 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................206 15. B Vitamins in Cow Milk: Their Relevance to Human Health BENOÎT GRAULET AND CHRISTIANE L. GIRARD Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................211 B Vitamins .....................................................................................................................................................................................................211 Insufficient Intakes in Humans .....................................................................................................................................................................213 B Vitamins in Human Nutrition ..................................................................................................................................................................216 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................222 16. Fermented Dairy Foods and Cardiovascular Risk PAUL NESTEL Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................225 Dairy Foods and Cardiovascular Disease; Focus Includes Fermented Dairy ...............................................................................................226 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................................................................228 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................228 III MILK AND ITS PRODUCTS IN HUMAN SENIOR HEALTH AND DISEASE POST MENOPAUSE AND SENIORS 17. Bioactive Lipids in Dairy Fat LARS I. HELLGREN AND PERNILLE NORDBY Lipids in Milk ................................................................................................................................................................................................233 Acknowledgment ..........................................................................................................................................................................................236 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................236 CONTENTS ix 18. Effect of Milk and Dairy Products on the Components of Metabolic Syndrome BRUNA M. SCAVUZZI, LUCIA H. DA SILVA MIGLIORANZA, MARCELL A.B. LOVOZOY, ANDRÉA N.C. SIMÃO AND ISAIAS DICHI Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................239 Metabolic Syndrome .....................................................................................................................................................................................240 Obesity ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................241 Glucose Homeostasis .....................................................................................................................................................................................242 Hypertension .................................................................................................................................................................................................243 Lipid Profile ...................................................................................................................................................................................................244 Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers ................................................................................................................................................245 Final Considerations .....................................................................................................................................................................................245 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................245 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................245 19. Recent Advances in Dairy Ingredients and Cardiovascular Diseases With Special Reference to Milk Fat Components JAVIER FONTECHA AND MANUELA JUÁREZ Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................251 Dairy Proteins and Cardiovascular Disease ..................................................................................................................................................252 Milk Minerals and Cardiovascular Disease ..................................................................................................................................................253 Milk Fat and Cardiovascular Disease ...........................................................................................................................................................254 Milk Fatty Acid Composition ......................................................................................................................................................................254 Milk Saturated Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease .............................................................................................................................254 Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Cardiovascular Disease ...............................................................................................................................255 Trans Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease .............................................................................................................................................255 Phospholipids and Cardiovascular Disease ...................................................................................................................................................256 Milk and Dairy Products and Cardiovascular Risk ......................................................................................................................................256 Final Considerations .....................................................................................................................................................................................259 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................259 20. Does Dairy Food Have Effects on Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiometabolic Risk? JOCELYNE R. BENATAR Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................263 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................267 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................268 21. Dairy Consumption and Age-Related Vascular Dysfunction DANIEL R. MACHIN AND HIROFUMI TANAKA Dairy Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease .........................................................................................................................................273 Hypotensive Effects of Dairy Products .........................................................................................................................................................273 Impact of Dairy Consumption on Central Arteries .....................................................................................................................................276 Impact of Dairy Consumption on Vascular Endothelial Function ..............................................................................................................280 Dairy Intake and Type 2 Diabetes ................................................................................................................................................................281 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................283 22. Milk and Fermented Milk Products in Alleviation of Aging Pathophysiology RAJEEV KAPILA, ROHIT SHARMA AND SUMAN KAPILA Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................287 Milk and Its Bioactive Components ............................................................................................................................................................288 Role of Milk Bioactive Components in Healthy Aging ..............................................................................................................................288 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................291 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................291

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DAIRY IN HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE ACROSS THE LIFESPAN This page intentionally left blank DAIRY IN HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE ACROSS THE LIFESPAN Edited by Ronald Ross Watson University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, and School of Medicine, Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States Robert J. Collier William Packer Agricultural Research Complex, Tucson, AZ, United States Victor R. Preedy Department of Dietetics, King’s College, London, United Kingdom Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-809868-4 For Information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Nikki Levy Acquisition Editor: Megan Ball Editorial Project Manager: Billie Jean Fernandez Production Project Manager: Caroline Johnson Designer: Greg Harris Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India Contents List of Contributors ...................................................................................................................................xiii Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................................xv I MILK AND ITS COMPONENTS IN INFANT AND CHILDHOOD NUTRITION FOR IMPROVED HEALTH 1. Health Benefits of Bovine Colostrum in Children and Adults HARPAL S. BUTTAR, SIDDHI M. BAGWE, SUKHWINDER K. BHULLAR AND GINPREET KAUR Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Historical Perspectives Regarding the Purported Indications of Colostrum ...................................................................................................4 Ayurvedic Therapies Reported About Colostrum ...........................................................................................................................................5 Integral Components of Colostrum ..................................................................................................................................................................5 Quantity of Immunoglobulins Present in BC ..................................................................................................................................................6 Quantity of Fat-Soluble Vitamins Present in BC ............................................................................................................................................6 Comparative Amounts of Natural Ingredients Present in Human, Cow, Buffalo, and Goat Milks ..............................................................6 Therapeutic Applications of Colostrum ...........................................................................................................................................................6 Benefits of Tryptophan in Children and Adults ..............................................................................................................................................6 Immunity-Related Disorders and Allergy .......................................................................................................................................................10 Cardiovascular Disorders .................................................................................................................................................................................10 Cerebral Ischemia ...........................................................................................................................................................................................10 Antiinflammatory Effect .................................................................................................................................................................................11 Microbial Infections ........................................................................................................................................................................................11 Suppression of HIV Infection .........................................................................................................................................................................12 Weight Loss and Fitness Programs .................................................................................................................................................................12 Diabetes and Wound Healing .........................................................................................................................................................................13 Leaky Gut Syndrome ......................................................................................................................................................................................13 Bovine Colostrum for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease .........................................................................................................14 Cancer Therapy Applications of Molecules and Compounds Isolated From Bovine Colostrum and Milk ................................................14 Polyamines-Induced Cellular Differentiation and Growth ...........................................................................................................................15 Collection of Bovine Colostrum ....................................................................................................................................................................15 Manufacturing of Colostrum and Its Industrial Application .........................................................................................................................15 Conclusions .....................................................................................................................................................................................................16 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................16 Further Reading ...............................................................................................................................................................................................20 2. Role of MFG-E8 in Neonatal Inflammation MONOWAR AZIZ, LAURA W. HANSEN, JOSE M. PRINCE AND PING WANG Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................21 MFG-E8: A Brief Synopsis .............................................................................................................................................................................22 Role of MFG-E8 in Intestinal Immune Cell Development ..........................................................................................................................23 Neonatal Inflammatory Diseases: Role of MFG-E8 .......................................................................................................................................24 Concluding Remarks .......................................................................................................................................................................................27 Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................................................................................................................28 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................28 Further Reading ...............................................................................................................................................................................................30 v vi CONTENTS 3. Impact of Bovine Milk Whey Proteins and Peptides on Gastrointestinal, Immune, and Other Systems VALDEMIRO C. SGARBIERI Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................31 Milk Whey Proteins and Peptides—General Physicochemical Properties ...................................................................................................33 Bioactivities and Functional Properties: Implications in Health and Diseases ............................................................................................34 Final Considerations and Future Perspective .................................................................................................................................................49 Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................................................................................................50 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................50 4. The Role of Fats in Milk and Dairy Products in Nutrition and Health from Infancy to Adulthood CLAUDIO GALLI AND PATRIZIA RISÉ Milk .................................................................................................................................................................................................................57 Dairy Products .................................................................................................................................................................................................63 Functional Effects of Milk and Its Derivatives ..............................................................................................................................................65 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................70 Further Reading ...............................................................................................................................................................................................72 5. Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Health Promotion Through the Gut Microbiome PAMELA THOMSON AND DANIEL GARRIDO Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................73 Structural Diversity of HMO ..........................................................................................................................................................................74 Infant Gut Microbiome Assembly ..................................................................................................................................................................75 Prebiotic Effect of HMO on the Gut Microbiome ........................................................................................................................................75 Molecular Strategies for HMO Utilization ....................................................................................................................................................76 Other Physiological Effects of HMO ..............................................................................................................................................................80 Prebiotic Role of Other Milk Glycoconjugates .............................................................................................................................................81 Dairy Infant Formula to Replicate the Biological Effect of Breast Milk ......................................................................................................82 Conclusions and Future Directions ................................................................................................................................................................83 Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................................................................................................................83 References ........................................................................................................................................................................................................83 6. Dairy Products and Obesity in Children and Adolescents SANDRA ABREU Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................................87 Epidemiological Evidence of How Dairy Product Intake Affects Body Weight and Body Fat ....................................................................88 Proposed Mechanisms of Dairy Components on Body Weight and Body Fat Regulation...........................................................................99 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................102 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................102 7. World Milk Production and Socio-Economic Factors Effecting Its Consumption ANA KAPAJ AND EDA DECI World Milk Production, Facts and Numbers ...............................................................................................................................................107 Milk Processing .............................................................................................................................................................................................108 General Information About the Dairy Market ............................................................................................................................................110 Milk Consumption and Factors That Influence It .......................................................................................................................................112 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................114 Further Reading .............................................................................................................................................................................................115 CONTENTS vii 8. The Benefits of Alpha-Lactalbumin in Early Childhood WOLFRAM M. BRÜCK Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................117 The Activity of Bioactive Peptides of Alpha-Lactalbumin Origin .............................................................................................................119 The Nutritional and Physiologic Significance of Alpha-Lactalbumin–Enriched Infant Formula .............................................................120 Potential Roles of Alpha-Lactalbumin in the Infant Gastrointestinal Tract .............................................................................................122 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................................................................123 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................123 9. Foodborne Pathogens in Milk and Dairy Products: Genetic Characterization and Rapid Diagnostic Approach for Food Safety of Public Health Importance IRSHAD M. SULAIMAN AND YING-HSIN HSIEH Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................127 Bacterial Pathogens and the Methods for Detection and Identification ....................................................................................................129 Fungi and Mold Contamination and Detection ..........................................................................................................................................135 Protozoan Parasite Contamination and Their Detection ............................................................................................................................136 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................136 Disclaimer ......................................................................................................................................................................................................137 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................137 10. Using Fortified Milk as a Vehicle for Nutrients: From Infancy to Senescence BAHAREH NIKOOYEH AND TIRANG R. NEYESTANI Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................145 Fortification of Mother’s Milk ......................................................................................................................................................................145 Milk Fortification to Combat Micronutrient Deficiencies ..........................................................................................................................146 Milk Fortification for Health Promotion: Pre- and Probiotics ....................................................................................................................149 Biofortification of Milk .................................................................................................................................................................................150 Concluding Remarks .....................................................................................................................................................................................150 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................151 11. Cow’s Milk Consumption and Child Growth ANDREA S. WILEY Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................155 Studies of Milk Consumption and Growth in Height ................................................................................................................................155 Milk Consumption During Pregnancy and Prenatal Growth .....................................................................................................................156 Infants ............................................................................................................................................................................................................157 Preschool Age Children ................................................................................................................................................................................157 Prepubertal Children (5–11 Years) ...............................................................................................................................................................158 Adolescents (12–18 Years) ...........................................................................................................................................................................159 Age at Menarche ..........................................................................................................................................................................................160 Mechanisms Linking Cow’s Milk Consumption to Child Growth and Maturation ..................................................................................161 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................163 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................163 II MACRO COMPONENTS AND NUTRIENTS IN DAIRY AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE IN YOUNG ADULTS 12. The Relevance of Biogenic Amines in Dairy Products LUANA M. PERIN AND LUÍS A. NERO Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................169 Biogenic Amines ...........................................................................................................................................................................................169 The Role of Milk and Dairy Products in Biogenic Amines Production .....................................................................................................172 viii CONTENTS Impacts of Biogenic Amines in Consumers .................................................................................................................................................176 Control of Biogenic Amines Production in Milk and Dairy Products .......................................................................................................178 Final Remarks ................................................................................................................................................................................................180 Acknowledgments .........................................................................................................................................................................................180 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................180 13. Benefits of Lactobacillus helveticus Fermented Milk in Sports and Health MASAYO IWASA AND WATARU AOI General Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................................183 Characteristics of Lactobacillus Fermented Milk ..........................................................................................................................................183 Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage ................................................................................................................................................................185 Impaired Insulin Sensitivity After Muscle-Damaging Exercise ...................................................................................................................186 Fermented Milk and Muscle Damage After Exercise ..................................................................................................................................188 Milk Casein Hydrolysate and Muscle Damage After Exercise ....................................................................................................................190 Perspectives ...................................................................................................................................................................................................191 Acknowledgments .........................................................................................................................................................................................191 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................191 14. Whey Protein and Diabetes LINDA E. WATSON, TONGZHI WU, MICHAEL HOROWITZ AND CHRISTOPHER K. RAYNER Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................197 Nature of Whey Protein ...............................................................................................................................................................................197 Whey and Appetite Regulation....................................................................................................................................................................198 Mechanisms by Which Whey Can Reduce Postprandial Glycemia ...........................................................................................................200 Issues to be Considered for Glycemic Control With Whey Protein ..........................................................................................................204 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................205 Acknowledgments .........................................................................................................................................................................................205 Conflicts of Interest ......................................................................................................................................................................................206 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................206 15. B Vitamins in Cow Milk: Their Relevance to Human Health BENOÎT GRAULET AND CHRISTIANE L. GIRARD Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................211 B Vitamins .....................................................................................................................................................................................................211 Insufficient Intakes in Humans .....................................................................................................................................................................213 B Vitamins in Human Nutrition ..................................................................................................................................................................216 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................222 16. Fermented Dairy Foods and Cardiovascular Risk PAUL NESTEL Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................225 Dairy Foods and Cardiovascular Disease; Focus Includes Fermented Dairy ...............................................................................................226 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................................................................................228 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................228 III MILK AND ITS PRODUCTS IN HUMAN SENIOR HEALTH AND DISEASE POST MENOPAUSE AND SENIORS 17. Bioactive Lipids in Dairy Fat LARS I. HELLGREN AND PERNILLE NORDBY Lipids in Milk ................................................................................................................................................................................................233 Acknowledgment ..........................................................................................................................................................................................236 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................236 CONTENTS ix 18. Effect of Milk and Dairy Products on the Components of Metabolic Syndrome BRUNA M. SCAVUZZI, LUCIA H. DA SILVA MIGLIORANZA, MARCELL A.B. LOVOZOY, ANDRÉA N.C. SIMÃO AND ISAIAS DICHI Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................239 Metabolic Syndrome .....................................................................................................................................................................................240 Obesity ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................241 Glucose Homeostasis .....................................................................................................................................................................................242 Hypertension .................................................................................................................................................................................................243 Lipid Profile ...................................................................................................................................................................................................244 Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers ................................................................................................................................................245 Final Considerations .....................................................................................................................................................................................245 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................245 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................245 19. Recent Advances in Dairy Ingredients and Cardiovascular Diseases With Special Reference to Milk Fat Components JAVIER FONTECHA AND MANUELA JUÁREZ Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................251 Dairy Proteins and Cardiovascular Disease ..................................................................................................................................................252 Milk Minerals and Cardiovascular Disease ..................................................................................................................................................253 Milk Fat and Cardiovascular Disease ...........................................................................................................................................................254 Milk Fatty Acid Composition ......................................................................................................................................................................254 Milk Saturated Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease .............................................................................................................................254 Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Cardiovascular Disease ...............................................................................................................................255 Trans Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease .............................................................................................................................................255 Phospholipids and Cardiovascular Disease ...................................................................................................................................................256 Milk and Dairy Products and Cardiovascular Risk ......................................................................................................................................256 Final Considerations .....................................................................................................................................................................................259 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................259 20. Does Dairy Food Have Effects on Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiometabolic Risk? JOCELYNE R. BENATAR Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................263 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................267 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................268 21. Dairy Consumption and Age-Related Vascular Dysfunction DANIEL R. MACHIN AND HIROFUMI TANAKA Dairy Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease .........................................................................................................................................273 Hypotensive Effects of Dairy Products .........................................................................................................................................................273 Impact of Dairy Consumption on Central Arteries .....................................................................................................................................276 Impact of Dairy Consumption on Vascular Endothelial Function ..............................................................................................................280 Dairy Intake and Type 2 Diabetes ................................................................................................................................................................281 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................283 22. Milk and Fermented Milk Products in Alleviation of Aging Pathophysiology RAJEEV KAPILA, ROHIT SHARMA AND SUMAN KAPILA Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................287 Milk and Its Bioactive Components ............................................................................................................................................................288 Role of Milk Bioactive Components in Healthy Aging ..............................................................................................................................288 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................................................291 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................291

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