Table Of Content

DAIRY CATTLE FEEDING AND NUTRITION ANIMAL FEEDING AND NUTRITION A Series of Monographs and Treatises Tony J. Cunha, Editor Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus University of Florida Gainesville, Florida and Dean, School of Agriculture Professor of Animal Science California State Polytechnic University Pomona, California Tony J. Cunha, SWINE FEEDING AND NUTRITION, 1977 W. J. Miller, DAIRY CATTLE FEEDING AND NUTRITION, 1979 DAIRY CATTLE FEEDING AND NUTRITION W. J. Miller Animal and Dairy Science Department The University of Georgia College of Agriculture Athens, Georgia ACADEMIC PRESS New York San Francisco London 1979 A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers COPYRIGHT © 1979, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Miller, William Jack, Date Dairy cattle feeding and nutrition. (Animal feeding and nutrition) Includes bibliographies. 1. Dairy cattle—feeding and feeds. I. Title. SF203.M56 636.2V4 78-51234 ISBN 0-12-497650-6 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 79 80 81 82 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To the late Professor Olin T. Fosgate a great teacher of Dairy Science and to my wife Marianna and family this book is dedicated in appreciation This page intentionally left blank Contents Foreword xiii Preface xv 1 Introduction and Utilization of Nutrients by Dairy Cattle 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Digestion in the Ruminant Stomach 7 1.2 Digestion in the Abomasum (True Stomach) and Intestine of Dairy Cattle 13 1.3 Absorption and Transport of Nutrients in Dairy Cattle 15 1.4 Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle 15 1.5 Determination of Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle 17 1.6 Utilization of Nutrients in the Tissues of Dairy Cattle 18 1.7 Excess Nutrients: Economics, Effects on the Animal, Toxicity, and Tolerance 20 References 21 2 Energy Requirements of Dairy Cattle 2.0 The Practical Importance of Meeting the Energy Needs; Energy: A Central Role in Feeding Dairy Cattle 22 2.1 Measures of Usable Energy for Dairy Cattle 22 2.2 Energy Uses and Requirements 27 2.3 Efficiency of Energy Utilization by Dairy Cattle for Various Functions 32 2.4 Causes and Effects of an Energy Deficiency 33 2.5 Causes and Effects of Excess Energy 35 2.6 Built-in Mechanisms for Controlling Energy Balance in Dairy Cattle (Principle of Homeostasis) 36 References 37 3 Protein Requirements of Dairy Cattle 3.0 Introduction 39 3.1 Protein Digestibility and Utilization 41 3.2 Determination of Protein Requirements of Dairy Cattle 43 3.3 Using Protein Requirement Values—Special Considerations 46 3.4 The Protein Requirements of Baby Calves 47 vii viii Contents 3.5 Protein Requirements of Older Dairy Cattle 48 3.6 Effects of Protein Deficiency 49 3.7 Effects of Excess Protein and Protein Homeostasis 50 3.8 Protein Reserves: Deposition, Mobilization, and Practical Implications 51 3.9 Amino Acid Deficiencies in High-Producing Dairy Cattle; Use of Methionine 52 3.10 Rumen Bypass of Proteins and Amino Acids: Principles, Technology, and Applications 54 3.11 Evaluating Proteins for Dairy Cattle 58 References 59 4 The Use of Nonprotein Nitrogen (NPN) for Dairy Cattle 4.0 Introduction 62 4.1 Conversion of NPN to Protein in the Rumen; Ammonia, the Common Denominator 62 4.2 Toxicity of Urea and Other NPN Sources; Ammonia Alkalosis or Toxicity 64 4.3 Sources of NPN for Dairy Cattle 66 4.4 Efficient Utilization of Urea (NPN): Important Factors and Limitations 68 4.5 Other Practical Considerations in the Use of NPN 71 References 72 5 Mineral and Trace Element Nutrition of Dairy Cattle 5.0 Introduction 74 5.1 The Essential Minerals and Trace Elements 74 5.2 Classification of Minerals 74 5.3 Mineral Content of Dairy Cattle 76 5.4 Functions of Minerals and Trace Elements (Minerals Cannot Be Synthesized) 77 5.5 Methods of Determining Mineral Content of Feeds 78 5.6 Source of Minerals 80 5.7 Mineral Metabolism in Dairy Cattle 89 5.8 Determination of Mineral Requirements and Tolerances 96 5.9 Effects of Mineral Deficiencies in Animals 97 5.10 Toxicity and Tolerances 97 5.11 Cost of Essential Minerals 98 5.12 Importance of Avoiding Borderline Deficiencies and Toxicities 98 5.13 Mineral Interactions 99 5.14 Interactions between Minerals and Organic Dietary Constituents 100 5.15 The Essential Mineral Elements 101 5.16 Calcium 102 5.17 Phosphorus 109 5.18 Magnesium 115 5.19 Sodium and Chlorine (Common Salt) 121 5.20 Potassium 126 5.21 Sulfur 128 5.22 Iron 130 5.23 Zinc 134 5.24 Copper and Molybdenum 142 5.25 Cobalt 149 5.26 Iodine 153 Contents ix 5.27 Selenium 156 5.28 Fluorine 162 5.29 Manganese 168 5.30 Chromium, Silicon, Vanadium, Nickel, and Tin 171 5.31 Toxic Minerals 172 5.32 Cadmium 173 5.33 Lead (Pb) 176 5.34 Mercury 178 References 180 6 Vitamin Requirements of Dairy Cattle 6.0 Introduction 187 6.1 The Individual Vitamins 188 6.2 Vitamin A 188 6.3 Vitamin D 193 6.4 Vitamin Ε 195 6.5 Vitamin Κ 197 6.6 Β Vitamins 198 6.7 Choline 201 6.8 Vitamin C 201 References 201 7 Fat (Lipids) and Water Requirements and Utilization by Dairy Cattle 7.0 Fats and Lipids 204 7.1 Metabolism of Fats and Fatty Acids by Dairy Cattle 204 7.2 Effects of Dietary Fats on Body and Milk Composition 206 7.3 Rumen Bypass of Fats and Lipids 206 7.4 Synthesis of Fatty Acids and Fats from Carbohydrates and Other Nutrients in the Rumen and the Animal Body 207 7.5 Are Fats or Fatty Acids Essential in the Diet of Dairy Cattle? 207 7.6 Effects of High Levels of Dietary Fat 208 7.7 Water Requirements of Dairy Cattle 209 References 212 8 Fiber Utilization and Requirements of Dairy Cattle 8.0 Introduction 213 8.1 Fiber Components, Types of Fiber 213 8.2 Fiber Digestion in the Rumen 215 8.3 Products of Fiber Digestion—Volatile Fatty Acids 215 8.4 Other Effects of Too Little Fiber; an Essential Nutrient 218 8.5 Effects of Too Much Fiber 218 8.6 Sources of Fiber in Dairy Rations 219 References 219