DAILY LIFE OF THE VIKINGS The Greenwood Press "Daily Life Through History" Series The Age of Charlemagne The Industrial United States, 1870-1900 John J. Butt Julie Husband and Jim O'Loughlin The Age of Sail Maya Civilization Dorothy Denneen Volo and James M. Volo Robert J. Sharer The American Revolution Medieval Europe Dorothy Denneen Volo and James M. Volo Jeffrey L. Singman The Ancient Egyptians The Nineteenth Century American Bob Brier and Hoyt Hobbs Frontier Mary Ellen Jones The Ancient Greeks Robert Garland The Nubians Robert S. Bianchi Ancient Mesopotamia Karen Rhea Nemet-Nejat The Soviet Union Katherine B. Eaton The Ancient Romans David Matz The Old Colonial Frontier James M. Volo and Dorothy Denneen Volo The Aztecs: People of the Sun and Earth David Carrasco with Scott Sessions Renaissance Italy Elizabeth S. Cohen and Thomas V Cohen Chaucer's England Jeffrey L Singman and Will McLean The Spanish Inquisition James M. Anderson Civil War America Dorothy Denneen Volo and James M. Volo Traditional China: The Tang Dynasty Charles Benn Colonial New England Claudia Durst Johnson The United States, 1920-1939: Decades of Promise and Pain Early Modem Japan David E. Kyvig Louis G. Perez The United States, 1940-1959: Shifting The Early American Republic, 1790-1820: Worlds Creating a New Nation Eugenia Kaledin David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler The United States, 1960-1990: Decades of 18th-Century England Discord Kirstin Olsen Myron A. Marty Elizabethan England Victorian England Jeffrey L. Singman Sally Mitchell The Holocaust World War I Eve Nussbaum Soumerai and Carol D. Schulz Neil M. Heyman The Inca Empire Michael A. Malpass DAILY LIFE OF THE VIKINGS KIRSTEN WOLF The Greenwood Press "Daily Life Through History" Series GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wolf, Kirsten, 1959- Daily life of the Vikings / Kirsten Wolf. p. cm. — (Greenwood Press "Daily life through history" series, ISSN 1080-4749) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-313-32269-4 1. Vikings. 2. Civilization, Viking. I. Title. II. Series. DL65.73 2004 948'.022—dc22 2004015184 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2004 by Kirsten Wolf All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2004015184 ISBN: 0-313-32269-4 ISSN: 1080-4749 First published in 2004 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48-1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Copyright Acknowledgments The author and publisher gratefully acknowledge permission for use of the following material: Excerpts from R.I. Page, Chronicles of the Vikings. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1995. Reprinted with permission. Excerpts from Adam of Bremen, History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen, translated by Francis J. Tschan. New York: Columbia University Press, © 1959. Reprinted with permission. Poetic excerpts from "Poetry and its changing importance in medieval Icelandic culture," published in Old Icelandic Literature and Society, edited by Margaret Clunies Ross. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature. 42. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Reprinted with the permission of Cambridge University Press. Every reasonable effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright materials in this book, but in some instances this has proven impossible. The author and publisher will be glad to receive information leading to more complete acknowl edgments in subsequent printings of the book and in the meantime extend their apologies for any omissions. for Anne, my daughter