Daily Life of Native Americans in the Twentieth Century PDF
Preview Daily Life of Native Americans in the Twentieth Century
Daily Life of Native Americans in the Twentieth Century Donald Fixico Greenwood Press daily life of native americans in the twentieth century The Greenwood Press “Daily Life Through History” Series The Age of Charlemagne The Medieval Islamic World John J. Butt James E. Lindsay The Age of Sail The Mongol Empire Dorothy Denneen Volo and James M. Volo George Lane The American Revolution Nature and the Environment in Dorothy Denneen Volo and James M. Volo Twentieth-Century American Life Brian Black The Ancient Egyptians Bob Brier and Hoyt Hobbs The Nineteenth Century American Frontier The Ancient Greeks Mary Ellen Jones Robert Garland The Nubians Ancient Mesopotamia Robert S. Bianchi Karen Rhea Nemet-Nejat The Old Colonial Frontier The Ancient Romans James M. Volo and Dorothy Denneen Volo David Matz Renaissance Italy The Aztecs: People of the Sun and Earth Elizabeth S. Cohen and Thomas V. 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Malpass The United States, 1960–1990: The Industrial United States, 1970–1900 Decades of Discord Julie Husband and Jim O’Loughlin Myron A. Marty Jews in the Middle Ages Victorian England Norman Roth Sally Mitchell Maya Civilization The Vikings Robert J. Sharer Kirsten Wolf Medieval Europe World War I Jeffrey L. Singman Neil M. Heyman daily life of native americans in the twentieth century DONALD FIXICO The Greenwood Press “Daily Life Through History” Series GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut (cid:127) London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fixico, Donald Lee, 1951– Daily life of Native Americans in the twentieth-century / by Donald Fixico. p. cm.—(The Greenwood Press “Daily life through history” series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–313–33357–2 1 . Indians of North America—Social life and customs—20th century. 2. Indians of North America—Rites and ceremonies. 3. Indians of North America—Politics and government. I. Title. II. Series. E98.S7F59 2006 305.897'0730904—dc22 2006001178 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2006 by Donald Fixico All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2006001178 ISBN: 0–313–33357–2 ISSN: 1080–4749 First published in 2006 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To RD Beloved brother Contents Preface ix Introduction xiii Chronology xix 1. Family, Women’s Roles, and Sexuality 1 2. Economics, Rural, Urban, Taxation, Trade, 15 and Transportation 3. Language, Intellectual Life, Oral Tradition, and Education 39 4. Material Life: Clothing, Food, Automobiles, and Housing 57 5. Political Life, Professional Organization, Citizenship, Military Service, and Tribal Government 73 6. Recreational Life, Outdoors, and Sports 93 7. Religious Life, Deities, Creeds, Rituals, and Morality 107 8. Art, Artifacts, Music, and Entertainment 123 9. American Indians in Literature and Media 139 10. Nature, Environment, Home Spaces, and Resources 155 11. Indian Humor Then and Now 171 12. Bingos, Casinos, and Indian Gaming 185 viii Contents 13. Health, Medicine, and Cures 201 14. Being Indian in the Twentieth Century 217 Glossary 229 Further Reading 233 Index 237 Preface This book is designed to provide an introduction to the big picture of real Indian life in the twentieth century. At the same time, the purpose is to provide the historical context for the primary issues and problems confronting modern Native peoples. This effort involves covering the complexity of native life from over 200 reservations and leading to urban- ization in every major city in the West while presenting the new adjust- ments of more than 500 Indian tribal groups’ whose people endured assimilation and assault of various federal Indian policies. T his complexity made it a challenge to pull together an understandable presentation to anyone curious about American Indians after the so-called Indian wars were over in the late nineteenth century. I hope that the fol- lowing pages share insights into the Indian experience and what it was like to be Indian over the course of the last 100 hundred years. Chapter 1, on family and women’s roles, addresses the essential social and cultural unit of American Indians while emphasizing how native people have changed traditions in adapting to a mainstream environment. Economics and urbanization are the focus of chapter 2, which stresses that it is these two influences more than anything else that have brought great change to American Indians. Chapter 3 discusses language, oral tradition, and education. It is through education that American Indians have been changed by outsiders such as instructors and officials at boarding schools. However, American Indians have also used education as a tool since the 1960s to bring about change for the better in their lives. Chapter 4, on material life, discusses the physical changes in Indian people’s lives
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