Table Of Content

CYTOKINES OF THE LUNG LUNG BIOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE Executive Editor Claude Lenfant Director, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 1. Immunologic and Infectious Reactions in the Lung, edited by Charles H. Kirkpatrick and Herbert Y. Reynolds 2. The Biochemical Basis of Pulmonary Function, edited by Ronald G. Crystal 3. Bioengineering Aspects of the Lung, edited by John B. West 4. Metabolic Functions of the Lung, edited by Y. S. Bakhle and John R. Vane 5. Respiratory Defense Mechanisms (in two parts), edited by Joseph D. Brain, Donald F. Proctor, and Lynne M. Reid 6. Development of the Lung, edited by W. Alan Hodson 7. Lung Water and Solute Exchange, edited by Norman C. Staub 8. Extrapulmonary Manifestations of Respiratory Disease, edited by Eugene Debs Robin 9. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, edited by Thomas L. Petty 10. Pathogenesis and Therapy of Lung Cancer, edited by Curtis C. Harris 11 . Genetic Determinants of Pulmonary Disease, edited by Stephen D. Litwin 12. The Lung in the Transition Between Health and Disease, edited by Peter T. Macklem and So/bert Permutt 13. Evolution of Respiratory Processes: A Comparative Approach, edited by Stephen C. Wood and Claude Lenfant 14. Pulmonary Vascular Diseases, edited by Kenneth M. Moser 15. Physiology and Pharmacology of the Airways, edited by Jay A. Nadel 16. Diagnostic Techniques in Pulmonary Disease (in two parts), edited by Marvin A. Sackner 17. Regulation of Breathing (in two parts), edited by Thomas F. Hornbein 18. Occupational Lung Diseases: Research Approaches and Methods, edited by Hans Weill and Margaret Turner-Warwick 19. lmmunopharmacology of the Lung, edited by Harold H. Newball 20. Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Diseases of the Lung, edited by Barry L. Fanburg 21. Sleep and Breathing, edited by Nicholas A. Saunders and Colin E. Sullivan 22. Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treat ment, edited by Lowell S. Young 23. Pulmonary Nuclear Medicine: Techniques in Diagnosis of Lung Disease, edited by Harold L. Atkins 24. Acute Respiratory Failure, edited by Warren M. Zapol and Konrad J. Falke 25. Gas Mixing and Distribution in the Lung, edited by Ludwig A. Engel and Manuel Paiva 26. High-Frequency Ventilation in Intensive Care and During Surgery, edited by Graziano Carlon and WilliamS. Howland 27. Pulmonary Development: Transition from Intrauterine to Extrauterine Life, edited by George H. Nelson 28. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Thomas L. Petty 29. The Thorax (in two parts), edited by Charis Roussos and Peter T. Macklem 30. The Pleura in Health and Disease, edited by Jacques Chretien, Jean Bignon, and Albert Hirsch 31. Drug Therapy for Asthma: Research and Clinical Practice, edited by John W. Jenne and Shirley Murphy 32. Pulmonary Endothelium in Health and Disease, edited by Una S. Ryan 33. The Airways: Neural Control in Health and Disease, edited by Michael A. Kaliner and Peter J. Barnes 34. Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, edited by Jacob Loke 35. Respiratory Function of the Upper Airway, edited by Oommen P. Mathew and Giuseppe Sant'Ambrogio 36. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Behavioral Perspective, edited by A. John McSweeny and Igor Grant 37. Biology of Lung Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment, edited by Steven T. Rosen, James L. Mulshine, Frank Cuttitta, and Paul G. Abrams 38. Pulmonary Vascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, edited by E. Ken neth Weir and John T. Reeves 39. Comparative Pulmonary Physiology: Current Concepts, edited by Ste phen C. Wood 40. Respiratory Physiology: An Analytical Approach, edited by H. K. Chang and Manuel Paiva 41 . Lung Cell Biology, edited by Donald Massaro 42. Heart-Lung Interactions in Health and Disease, edited by Steven M. Scharf and Sharon S. Cassidy 43. Clinical Epidemiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, edited by Michael J. Hensley and Nicholas A. Saunders 44. Surgical Pathology of Lung Neoplasms, edited by Alberto M. Mar chevsky 45. The Lung in Rheumatic Diseases, edited by Grant W. Cannon and Guy A. Zimmerman 46. Diagnostic Imaging of the Lung, edited by Charles E. Putman 4 7. Models of Lung Disease: Microscopy and Structural Methods, edited by Joan Gil 48. Electron Microscopy of the Lung, edited by Dean E. Schraufnagel 49. Asthma: Its Pathology and Treatment, edited by Michael A. Kaliner, Peter J. Barnes, and Carl G. A. Persson 50. Acute Respiratory Failure: Second Edition, edited by Warren M. Zapol and Francois Lemaire 51 . Lung Disease in the Tropics, edited by Om P. Sharma 52. Exercise: Pulmonary Physiology and Pathophysiology, edited by Brian J. Whipp and Karlman Wasserman 53. Developmental Neurobiology of Breathing, edited by Gabriel G. Haddad and Jay P. Farber 54. Mediators of Pulmonary Inflammation, edited by Michael A. Bray and Wayne H. Anderson 55. The Airway Epithelium, edited by Stephen G. Farmer and Douglas Hay 56. Physiological Adaptations in Vertebrates: Respiration, Circulation, and Metabolism, edited by Stephen C. Wood, Roy E. Weber, Alan R. Hargens, and Ronald W. Millard 57. The Bronchial Circulation, edited by John Butler 58. Lung Cancer Differentiation: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment, edited by Samuel D. Bernal and Paul J. Hesketh 59. Pulmonary Complications of Systemic Disease, edited by John F. Murray 60. Lung Vascular Injury: Molecular and Cellular Response, edited by Arnold Johnson and Thomas J. Ferro 61. Cytokines of the Lung, edited by Jason Kelley ADDITIONAL VOLUMES IN PREPARATION The Mast Cell in Health and Disease, edited by Michael A. Kaliner and Dean Metcalfe Pulmonary Disease in the Elderly Patient, edited by Donald A. Mahler CYTOKINES OF THE LUNG Edited by Jason Kelley University of Vermont College of Medicine Burlington, Vermont Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business First published 1993 by Marcel Dekker Published 2021 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 1993 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works ISBN 13: 978-0-8247-8703-5 (hbk) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http:// www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http:// www.crcpress.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cytokines of the lung I edited by Jason Kelley. - 1st ed. p. em. -- (Lung biology in health and disease; v. 61) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8247-8703-X (alk. paper) 1. Lungs--Molecular aspects. 2. Cytokines. I. Kelley, Jason. II. Series. [DNLM: 1. Cytokines-immunology. 2. Lung--immunology. W1 LU62 v. 61 I WF 600 C997] QP12l.C97 1992 612.2-dc20 DNLM/DLC for Library of Congress 92-49726 CIP INTRODUCTION "The basis of the body's ability to defend itself against a foreign invader lies in its ability to recognize and mount an organized offensive"( I). The human body is a very complex organization made up of thousands of types of cells with a variety of functions. Military experts have always known that neither defense nor offense could happen or succeed without communication. In biology, communications and interactions between cells are assured by mediators. It has been known for a long time that lymphocytes and monocytes produce mediator~nce termed lympho kines and monokines. Along the way, it was recognized that the functions of these substances are many and that other cells in addition to lymphocytes and monocytes produce mediators. It was this realization that led Cohen, Ward, and Bigazzi to coin the word cytokines to describe in a generic fashion all the mediator substances (2). Since the term cytokines was first introduced in 1974, an enormous amount of work has been done to identify and characterize the cytokines and to describe their function and role in varied circumstances. Particularly conspicuous has been the study of cytokines in cell-mediated immunity, especially in the lung inflammatory response to a number of aggressors. Dr. Jason Kelley has had a long interest in cytokines, focused particularly iii iv Introduction on those produced, and playing a role, in the lung. This volume, Cytokines of the Lung, presents the state of the art of this exciting and dynamic area of research. The contributors are basic researchers as well as clinicians. Thus, the volume serves as a bridge from basic research to clinical relevance. It covers aspects such as inflammatory cytokines as well as mitogenic cytokines and cytokines that intervene in lung remodeling. Much has been discovered in this field of cell cooperation and cell-to-cell signaling; therefore this volume is very timely. However, as Dr. Kelley recognizes in his preface, the field is progressing very rapidly. Hence, researchers in the field and interested readers will see this volume as a milepost along a path, the end of which is not yet known. As the editor of the series Lung Biology in Health and Disease, I am indebted to Dr. Kelley and to the contributors for having undertaken the task to tell us where we are in the understanding of cytokines in the pulmonary processes. Claude Lenfant, M.D. Bethesda, Maryland References 1. Wewers, M. D. and Gadek, J. E. (1991). Proinflammatory Polypeptides. In The Lung: Scientific Foundations. Edited by R. G. Crystal et al. Raven Press. 2. Cohen, S., Ward, P. A., and Bigazzi, P. E. (1974). Cell Cooperation in Cell Mediated Immunity. In Mechanisms of Cell Mediated Immunity. Edited by R. J. McCluskey and S. Cohen. New York, J. Wiley & Sons. PREFACE The past decade lias seen remarkable advances in our understanding of cellular signaling processes. These include the recognition of the molecules involved: the secreted cytokine proteins, their cell surface receptors, the intracellular signaling pathways, and the nuclear regulatory elements through which cellular phenotype is ultimately perturbed. Today, it seems amazing to consider that a mere decade ago we were still aware of only a few of these amazing molecules. Consider that 10 years ago it was still being warmly debated by different camps whether platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and interleukin-1 (IL-l) were the same or distinct entities. Scholars of mesenchymal cell biology claimed for PDGF a role as a unique signaling molecule. On the other hand, those with a bent for immunological and inflammatory processes saw PDGF as merely an aberrant form of IL-l. The evolving complexity of signal molecule biology has already had unalterable effects on the study of biology itself. Fortunately, our recognition that there is a commonality of mechanisms involved in signal transduction has dissolved barriers between disciplines in the biological sciences. Environmental biologists, molecular immunologists, and phthisiologists now find themselves talking the same language. The formulation of quantum mechanics was said to explain all of chemistry v