Cytokines in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock PDF
Preview Cytokines in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock
Series Editor Prof. Dr. Michael J. Parnham PLiVA Research Institute Prilaz baruna Filipovica 25 10000 Zagreb Croatia Cytokines in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Heinz Redl Günther Schlagt Editors Springer Basel AG Editors Prof. Dr. Heinz Redl prof. Dr. Günther Schlagt Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology Donaueschingenstrasse 13 A-1200 Vienna Austria A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress, Washington D.C., USA Deutsche Bibliothek Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cytokines in severe sepsis and septic shock I ed. by H. Redl, G. Schlag ... -Basel; Boston; Berlin : Birkhäuser, 1999 (Progress in inflammation research) ISBN 978-3-0348-9759-4 ISBN 978-3-0348-8755-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-0348-8755-7 The publisher and editor can give no guarantee for the information on drug dosage and administration contained in this publication. The respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other sources of reference in each individual case. The use of registered names, trademarks etc. in this publication, even if not identified as such, does not imply that they are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations or free for general use. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concemed, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro films or in other ways, and storage in data banks. For any kind of use, permission of the copyright owner must be obtained. © 1999 Springer Basel AG Originally published by Birkhäuser Verlag in 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1999 Printed on acid-free paper produced from chlorine-free pulp. TCF = Cover design: Markus Etterich, Basel 987654321 Obituary On August 21, 1998, Prof. Dr. Gunther Schlag, founder and head of the LBI, unex pectedly passed away. After more than two decades of constant physical and spiri tual dedication he had become part of the institution himself, so his death affected us all the more. He was a leader in the true sense of the word. Gifted with so many talents, he was able to convey his tireless enthusiasm. He taught us never to rest on short-lived success, and always to remain curious. The breadth of his experience in so many fields made him a reliable source for solving almost any problem. For most of the problems he was confronted with he found a solution or at least a hint in his ency clopedic knowledge, which was continuously expanded by his devotion to reading. His humor and humanity over the years distinguished him as a special and fatherly figure. And he gave us the feeling that it was both a privilege and a chal lenge to participate in his great love of medical science. He himself was and his memory will remain a strong driving force for us. We intend to keep this faith alive in both its scientific and human aspects by continuing his work. Wolfgang Strohmaier Soheyl Bahrami Heinz Redl v Contents List of contributors .. xi Preface and introduction. xv Induction. Inducers F. Ulrich Schade, Regina Flach, Thomas Hirsch and Ralph R. Schumann Endotoxin as an inducer of cytokines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Brigitte Neumann and Bernhard Holzmann Acute lung inflammation in septic shock of the cytokine release induced by bacterial superantigens . 15 David J. Hackam, Sergio Grinstein and Ori D. Rotstein Lipopolysaccharide signaling pathways and their role in the development of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. 37 Predisposing factors Rene leI/weger, Alfred Ayala and Irshad H. Chaudry Predisposing factors: Effect of sex, nutritional factors and age on immunity following shock and sepsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 57 Frank Stuber Genetics: Cytokine polymorph isms .. 79 Contents Diagnostic ............ . 93 lean-Marc Cavail/on Possibilities and problems of cytokine measurements 95 Maarien C. Bouma and Wim A. Buurman Soluble TNF receptors ................. . . ...... 121 Wolfgang Strohmaier and Franz Tatzber Relevance of surrogate tests in intensive care patiens or "Heisenberg at the ICU" . .. ............. 133 Actions (selected events) .. . ...... 149 Christoph Thiemermann and Timothy D. Warner Nitric oxide and endothelin-1 in Circulatory shock involving cytokines. . . 151 C. Wayne Smith, Scott I. Simon and Harimut laeschke Multistep processes in neutrophil homotypic aggregation and tissue injury. . .. . 173 C. Erik Hack Cytokines, coagulation and fibrinolysis. ..199 R. William C. Watson Apoptosis: Its role in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and the involvement of cytokines .......... . ...................... 213 Erich Roth and Michael Bergmann Importance of cytokine metabolism for malnutrition, catabolism and endocrinological state in sepsis. . ............. 227 Therapy ................. . . ...... , ...... 245 Steven M. Opal Endotoxin scavengers as a therapeutic strategy for sepsis. . .......... 247 Peter Zabel and Soheyl Bahrami Interfering with the production of cytokines in sepsis. . ...... 261 Edward Abraham Neutralizing antibodies and receptor constructs. . .. 285 viii Contents Rene Zellweger; Alfred Ayala, Ping Wang and Irshad H. Chaudry Immunomodulation following shock and sepsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Michael A. Rogy Gene therapy - an alternative approach for anti-cytokine therapies ............. 315 The failure of clinical trials in sepsis David Creery and John C. Marshall The failure of clinical trials in sepsis: Challenges of pre-clinical models ........... 333 John C. Marshall The failure of clinical trials in sepsis: Challenges of clinical trial design ........... 349 Index ............... . . .. 363 ix List of contributors Edward Abraham, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Box C272, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 E. Ninth Avenue, Den ver, Colorado 80262, USA; e-mail: [email protected] Alfred Ayala, Center for Surgical Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Middle House II, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA; e-mail: [email protected] Soheyl Bahrami, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Trau matology, Donaueschingenstr. 13, A-1200 Vienna, Austria Michael Bergmann, Chirurgische Forschungslaboratorien, Universitatsklinik fur Chirurgie/Akh, N. Wahringer GurtelI8-20, A-I090 Wien, Austria Maarten G. Bouma, Department of Surgery, Maastricht University (Fac. II), P.O. Box 616, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands Wim A. Buurman, Department of Surgery, Maastricht University (Fac. II), P.O. Box 616, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; e-mail: [email protected] Jean-Marc Cavaillon, Unite d'Immuno-Allergie, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue Dr. Roux, F-75724 Paris cedex 15, France; e-mail: [email protected] Irshad H. Chaudry, Center for Surgical Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Middle House II, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA; e-mail: [email protected] David Creery, Eaton North 9-234, Toronto Hospital, General Division, 200 Eliza beth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 2C4 List of contributors Regina Flach, Klinische Forschergruppe "Schock und Multiorganversagen" der DFG, Zentrum fiir Chirurgie, Universitatsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany Sergio Grinstein, Division of Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 Uni versity Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1XS, Canada C. Erik Hack, Central Laboratory of the Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Plesmanlaan 125, NL-1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands David J. Hackam, Department of Surgery, The Toronto Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street EN9-232, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada, and Division of Cell Biolo gy, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1XS, Canada; e-mail: [email protected] Thomas Hirsch, Klinische Forschergruppe "Schock und Multiorganversagen" der DFG, Zentrum fiir Chirurgie, Universitatsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany Bernhard Holzmann, Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, D-S1675 Munich, Germany; e-mail: [email protected] Hartmut Jaeschke, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, MI, USA John C. Marshall Eaton North 9-234, Toronto Hospital, General Division, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G2C4; e-mail: [email protected] Brigitte Neumann, Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical Uni versity of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, D-S1675 Munich, Germany; e-mail: [email protected] Steven M. Opal, Infectious Disease Division, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, 111 Brewster Sreet, Pawtucket, RI 02S60, USA; e-mail: Steven_ [email protected] Michael A. Rogy, University of Vienna, AKH Wien, Department of Surgery, Wahringergiirtel IS-20, A-I090 Wien, Austria; e-mail: [email protected] xii
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