Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome and Cannabinoid Hyperemesis

310 Pages·2022·4.87 MB·English

by  William L. Hasler (editor), David J. Levinthal (editor), Thangam Venkatesan (editor)

C Y C L I C V O M I T I N G
S Y N D R O M E A N D
C A N N A B I N O I D
H Y P E R E M E S I S
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C Y C L I C V O M I T I N G
S Y N D R O M E A N D
C A N N A B I N O I D
H Y P E R E M E S I S
Edited by
WILLIAM L. HASLER
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,MayoClinicArizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
DAVID J. LEVINTHAL
Division of Gastroenterology,Hepatology,and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,
Pittsburgh PA,United States
THANGAM VENKATESAN
Division of Gastroenterology,Hepatology and Nutrition, The Ohio State UniversityCollegeof
Medicine,Columbus OH,United States
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Contents
List of contributors......................................................................................xv
Foreword....................................................................................................xvii
1 Cyclic vomiting syndrome health experiences among patients
and their caregivers............................................................................................1
Kathleen A. Adams and Ashley D. Jensen
1.1 A mother’s story.................................................................................1
1.2 Patient perceptions about causes of cyclic vomiting syndrome.........2
1.3 Cyclic vomiting syndrome onset and symptoms............................2
1.4 Receiving a diagnosis........................................................................3
1.5 Triggers for episodes.........................................................................4
1.6 Impact of cyclic vomiting syndrome on the day-to-day life of
patients................................................................................................4
1.6.1 Physical impact..........................................................................4
1.6.2 Emotional impact......................................................................5
1.6.3 Impact on employment.............................................................5
1.6.4 Impact on education.................................................................5
1.7 Impact on caregivers of children with cyclic vomiting
syndrome............................................................................................6
1.8 Perception about treatment in acute/urgent care............................6
1.9 Importance of health-care knowledge..............................................7
1.10 Hope and support...............................................................................7
1.10.1 One example of the benefits of the Cyclic Vomiting
Syndrome Association............................................................8
1.11 A revelation—February 2021.............................................................8
References...................................................................................................9
2 Central nervous system pathways of nausea and vomiting....................11
Trisha S. Pasricha, Ingrid Guerrero, Braden Kuo and Vitaly Napadow
2.1 Introduction........................................................................................11
2.2 Dynamic threshold............................................................................. 11
2.3 Central mediation of nausea and the role of the nucleus
tractus solitarii.................................................................................... 13
2.4 Afferent input into the nucleus tractus solitarii...............................13
v
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Contents
2.5 Efferent output from the nucleus tractus solitarii............................ 17
2.6 Cyclic vomiting syndrome................................................................. 20
2.7 Conclusion..........................................................................................21
References................................................................................................. 21
3 Clinical features of cyclic vomiting syndrome...........................................27
Afrin N. Kamal, Katja Kovacic and B U.K. Li
3.1 History of cyclic vomiting syndrome................................................27
3.2 Epidemiology......................................................................................28
3.2.1 Is pediatric cyclic vomiting syndrome different from
adult cyclic vomiting syndrome?.............................................29
3.3 Cyclic vomiting syndrome symptom presentation.......................... 33
3.3.1 Prodromal phase.......................................................................34
3.3.2 Acute emetic phase...................................................................35
3.3.3 Recovery phase.........................................................................36
3.3.4 Inter-episodic phase..................................................................36
3.4 Associated symptoms........................................................................ 37
3.4.1 Autonomic symptoms ..............................................................37
3.4.2 Other gastrointestinal symptoms ............................................38
3.4.3 Behavioral symptoms—hot-water bathing and water
guzzling......................................................................................39
3.5 Temporal patterns of vomiting......................................................... 40
3.5.1 Coalescent cyclic vomiting syndrome.....................................41
3.5.2 Circadian patterns.....................................................................42
3.5.3 Seasonal patterns......................................................................42
3.6 Triggers of cyclic vomiting syndrome attacks................................. 42
3.7 Comorbid conditions......................................................................... 43
3.7.1 Migraine headaches..................................................................43
3.7.2 Anxiety, depression, and panic attacks...................................44
3.7.3 Chronic fatigue, sleep dysfunction, and postural
orthostatic tachycardia..............................................................45
3.7.4 Irritable bowel syndrome, complex regional pain
syndrome, and fibromyalgia....................................................46
3.7.5 Gastric hypermotility.................................................................46
3.8 Cyclic vomiting syndrome diagnostic criteria.................................. 47
3.9 Conclusion..........................................................................................49
References................................................................................................. 49
vii
Contents
4 Cyclic vomiting syndrome subtypes—do they provide insight into
cyclic vomiting syndrome pathogenesis?....................................................55
Michael Kingsley and David J. Levinthal
4.1 Introduction........................................................................................55
4.2 Cyclic vomiting syndrome subtypes................................................. 56
4.2.1 Migraines...................................................................................56
4.2.2 Mitochondrial dysfunction........................................................59
4.2.3 Neuroendocrine and autonomic function...............................60
4.2.4 Catamenial.................................................................................61
4.2.5 Substance use related...............................................................61
4.2.6 Mood disorders.........................................................................63
4.2.7 Diet related.................................................................................64
4.3 Cyclic vomiting syndrome subtypes: different roads leading
toward a common destination.......................................................... 64
References................................................................................................. 65
5 Clinical and pathophysiological relationship between
migraines and cyclic vomiting syndrome....................................................69
Rosita D. Frazier and Safwan S. Jaradeh
5.1 Overview of relationship between cyclic vomiting syndrome
and migraines.....................................................................................69
5.2 Clinical features of migraine headaches .......................................... 70
5.2.1 Complicated migraine syndromes...........................................71
5.2.2 Other migraine variants or equivalent syndromes.................73
5.2.3 Similarities in clinical features between cyclic
vomiting syndrome and migraines..........................................74
5.3 Epidemiology of migraine headaches and cyclic vomiting
syndrome............................................................................................75
5.3.1 Similarities in epidemiology between cyclic vomiting
syndrome and migraines..........................................................75
5.4 Pathophysiology of migraine headaches......................................... 76
5.4.1 Similarities in pathophysiology between cyclic vomiting
syndrome and migraines..........................................................76
5.5 Treatment of migraine headaches.................................................... 78
5.5.1 Acute management of migraine headaches...........................78
5.5.2 Preventative treatments for migraine headaches...................80
5.5.3 Newer treatments of migraine headaches..............................81
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Contents
5.5.4 Similarities and differences in treatment of cyclic
vomiting syndrome and migraines..........................................83
5.6 Conclusion..........................................................................................85
References................................................................................................. 86
6 Psychosocial contributors to cyclic vomiting syndrome.........................89
Sally E. Tarbell
6.1 Introduction......................................................................................89
6.2 Psychological and social aspects of cyclic vomiting syndrome.......89
6.3 Stress and cyclic vomiting syndrome............................................. 91
6.4 Quality of life.................................................................................... 91
6.5 School and work accommodations................................................93
6.6 Psychiatric comorbidity...................................................................93
6.6.1 Pediatric patients.....................................................................94
6.6.2 Adult patients..........................................................................95
6.7 Cannabis use and cyclic vomiting syndrome................................96
6.8 Psychological and psychiatric treatment........................................ 97
6.8.1 Psychiatric management ........................................................98
6.9 Symptom assessment...................................................................... 99
6.10 Summary ........................................................................................ 101
6.10.1 What we know.....................................................................101
6.10.2 What we need to know.......................................................102
References............................................................................................... 102
7 Treatment of acute cyclic vomiting syndrome attacks...........................107
Thangam Venkatesan, David J. Levinthal and William L. Hasler
7.1 Introduction...................................................................................... 107
7.2 The four phases of CVS................................................................... 107
7.3 Approach to treatment of an acute CVS episode.......................... 108
7.3.1 Management of triggers.........................................................109
7.3.2 Principles of pharmacotherapy in the acute
treatment of a CVS episode....................................................109
7.4 Medications commonly used as abortive treatments for CVS..........110
7.4.1 Antiemetic medications..........................................................110
7.4.2 Triptans....................................................................................114
7.4.3 Other antiemetics and sedatives............................................115
7.4.4 Overuse of abortive medications in CVS...............................115
7.5 Treatment modifications for selected patient populations........... 116
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Contents
7.5.1 The pregnant patient with CVS..............................................116
7.5.2 The CVS patient with associated cannabis use ....................116
7.6 Supportive treatment of CVS in the hospital setting..................... 118
7.7 Conclusions...................................................................................... 119
7.8 Future directions.............................................................................. 119
References............................................................................................... 120
8 Prevention of recurrent cyclic vomiting syndrome episodes...............123
David J. Levinthal, William L. Hasler and Thangam Venkatesan
8.1 Introduction...................................................................................... 123
8.2 How might cyclic vomiting syndrome prophylactic
therapies work?................................................................................ 125
8.3 Adult cyclic vomiting syndrome prophylaxis in the current era.......127
8.3.1 Tricyclic antidepressants ........................................................127
8.3.2 Topiramate...............................................................................131
8.3.3 Zonisamide / Levetiracetam ...................................................132
8.3.4 Aprepitant................................................................................133
8.4 Prevention of cyclic vomiting syndrome episodes in pediatric
patients ............................................................................................. 134
8.5 Treating women with cyclic vomiting syndrome who
are of childbearing age or are pregnant......................................... 135
8.6 Nonpharmacologic approaches to preventing cyclic
vomiting syndrome attacks............................................................. 136
8.7 Major questions and future directions........................................... 137
References............................................................................................... 138
9 Clinical features of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome .....................141
William L. Hasler, David J. Levinthal and Thangam Venkatesan
9.1 History of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome............................ 141
9.2 Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome symptom presentation..........142
9.3 Associated behaviors and symptoms............................................. 143
9.3.1 Pathologic bathing..................................................................143
9.3.2 Other symptoms during cannabinoid hyperemesis
syndrome attacks....................................................................143
9.3.3 Comorbid conditions with cannabinoid hyperemesis
syndrome.................................................................................144
9.4 Diagnosis of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome....................... 144