Cyber justice : human rights and good governance for the internet PDF
Preview Cyber justice : human rights and good governance for the internet
SPRINGER BRIEFS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE Anja Mihr Cyber Justice Human Rights and Good Governance for the Internet 123 SpringerBriefs in Political Science Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/8871 Anja Mihr Cyber Justice Human Rights and Good Governance for the Internet AnjaMihr CenteronGovernancethroughHumanRights HUMBOLDT-VIADRINAGovernancePlatform Berlin,Germany ISSN2191-5466 ISSN2191-5474 (electronic) SpringerBriefsinPoliticalScience ISBN978-3-319-60091-8 ISBN978-3-319-60093-2 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-60093-2 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017942799 ©TheAuthor(s)2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinor for anyerrors oromissionsthat may havebeenmade. Thepublisher remainsneutralwith regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 CyberWorld. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3 HumanRights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4 PublicPrivacy. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5 Justice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 6 CyberLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 7 ShrinkingSpace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 8 CodeofConduct. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 9 RegulationandControl. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 63 10 CyberGovernance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 11 SocialCyberContract. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . 81 12 Conclusion:CyberJustice. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . 87 v List of Abbreviations ACTA Anti-CounterfeitingTradeAgreement ARF ASEANRegionalForum AU AfricanUnion CAC CyberspaceAdministrationofChina CoE CouncilofEurope CSO CivilSocietyOrganization CSR CorporateSocialResponsibility ECJ EuropeanCourtforJustice ECtHR EuropeanCourtofHumanRights EFF ElectronicFrontierFoundation EU EuropeanUnion HRD Humanrightsdefenders IANA InternationalAssignedNumbersAuthority ICANN InternetCorporationforAssignedNamesandNumbers ICC InternationalCriminalCourt ICCPR UNInternationalConventiononCivilandPoliticalRights ICESCR InternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights ICJ InternationalCourtofJustice IGF InternetGovernanceForum IP InternetProtocols ITU InternationalTelecommunicationUnion MAG MultistakeholderAdvisoryGroup NSA NationalSecurityAgency OAS OrganizationforAmericanStates OSCE OrganizationforSecurityandCooperationinEurope PIPA IP Protection Act Preventing Real Online Threats to Economic CreativityandTheftofIntellectualPropertyAct PPP Public–PrivatePartnerships SCO ShanghaiCooperationOrganization SDGs SustainableDevelopmentGoals vii viii ListofAbbreviations SOPA StopOnlinePrivacyAct UDHR UniversalDeclarationforHumanRights UN UnitedNations WSIS WorldSummitontheInformationSociety Chapter 1 Introduction Cyber justice is a viable approach for defining how good governance and human rights norms can be guiding principles to govern the Internet. Cyberspace is a borderless public space in which the Internet is a network and a tool that allows different digital devices to connect and communicate. Cyberspace has more and more been converted into “one space” in which we move at the same time in an onlineandanofflinespace.Butthemaindifferencebetweentheofflineandonline spaceandtheworldweliveandworkinisthattheonlinespacelacksjustifiability andliabilityofactorsandinstitutionsthatprovideonlineservicesthatweuse. Whereas there is no longer a controversy whether international human rights norms and standards are valid norms, offline as well as online, the controversy is aroundtheway,themeans,andthelitigabilityofthesenormsandstandardsbeing usedintheInternetandtheservicesitprovides,i.e.,socialmedia,onlinebanking, datastorage,andtransfer.Thequestionaroundcyberjusticeis,thus,whoshouldbe held accountable and how in a borderless “space” that does not pose yet any democraticgovernanceregimeasweknowitfromterritorialandstatehood-based countries? Thus far, cyberspace is a space without common and globally agreed enforce- able rules or governance bodies because it lacks legislative or judiciary bodies equallyaccessibleforall,suchasacybercourtandagovernment,abureaucracy,a police, or a parliament that would manage people’s activities within that space globallyandprotectusers’rightsandentitlements. Worldwide, these challenges are well acknowledged and various international andnationalgovernmentalandnongovernmentalapproachesaimtodevelopaform of “Internet governance” or “cyber governance.” The United Nations (UN), for example,alongwithotherregionalinternationalorganizations,suchastheCouncil ofEurope(CoE),theEuropeanUnion(EU),theOrganizationforAmericanStates (OAS), the NATO, the G7 and G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), the BRICS, or the African Union (AU), have undertaken various efforts to use international and domestic govern- mental tools to regulate the cyberspace. However, they face challenges as they ©TheAuthor(s)2017 1 A.Mihr,CyberJustice,SpringerBriefsinPoliticalScience, DOI10.1007/978-3-319-60093-2_1 2 1 Introduction realize that onestate ora group of governments alone cannot regulate norprotect sufficientlyourprivacyandrightsincyberspace.Cyberjusticeisthusstillfarfrom beingachieved. Albeit court decisions by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) or the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has established case law over the past years that could lead to a future global judiciary for all four billion “cyber citizens.” Yet, international court deci- sions are far from being fully implemented, because there is not one state or one particularactorlocatedinonespecificcountrythatcanprotectdataandsafeguard ourhumanrightsalone.ChargingGoogleEuropefordeletingpersonalinformation about one specific person from its search profile will still allow Internet users in other parts of the world to access the same information and data of that person outsideofEurope.Theclaimforthe“righttobeforgetten”soonbecamethe“right to have one’s privacy protected,” but it cannot fully be safeguarded without full accordanceofrulesandregulationsatthegloballevel.Thejudgmentsanddecisions on whether to keep our data private do not have any specific addressee; govern- ments as well as private companies are responsible for safeguarding our privacy. Sometimes, it is governmental institutions, such as security agencies, and some- timesprivatecompaniesorsocialmediachannels,suchasYouTubeorWhatsApp, whichsellanddisseminateourdatawithoutourpriorconsent.Generallyspeaking, the limits of “free floating data” and the harm it can do topeople’s personal lives and their developments are not fully investigated yet. Defining violence in cyber- spacebytheintransparencyofdataflowandofmakingprivatedatapublicwithout the fully informed consent by the owner—usually us users—of the data is a violationofhumanrightsinmanyaspects:thehumanrighttoprivacy,toinforma- tion, to movement, to development, to security and safety, and even to physical integrityincaseofwidespreadhatespeechandcybermobbing. Thecurrent“WildWest”situationincyberspacemightremindushowEuropean colonizers in the eighteenth century asked illiterate natives of the respective territory to sign contracts and agreements they could neither read nor understand while keeping them in the belief that these “papers” would guarantee their full independence andrightsaspromised.Theoppositebecametrue.Their “promised lands” were stolen, their culturesand identities largely destroyed,and their future generations were often deprived of full integration and developments. Inequality and violent outbreaks are the consequence of these practiced until today. The comparison to colonizers’ practices and today’s practices of private and govern- mentalserviceprovidersintheInternetmightbefar-fetchedandyetsimilaritiesare present. For example, when we quickly press the consent button on cookies or AmazonandInstagramprivacypoliciesinfulltrustthatFacebookandotherskeep theirpromisethatourdataisonlyusedforthecompanies’commercialinterestorit isaccessibleonlytoouronline“friends,”here,westilldonotfullyunderstandor controlwhathappenstoourdataandwhousesormisusesit.Insteadofsharingour bank details, health data with our health insurance, and private pictures with Instagram, many of us might instead “consent” that their freedoms, self- determination,andprivacyarejeopardized.
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